GENETiC ENGiNEERiNG

Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. New DNA is obtained by either isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using recombinant DNA methods or by artificially synthesising the DNA. A construct is usually created and used to insert this DNA into the host organism. The first recombinant DNA molecule was made by Paul Berg in 1972 by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with the lambda virus. As well as inserting genes, the process can be used to remove, or "knock out", genes. The new DNA can be inserted randomly, or targeted to a specific part of the genome. An organism that is generated through genetic engineering is considered to be genetically modified (GM) and the resulting entity is a genetically modified organism (GMO). The first GMO was a bacterium generated by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973. Rudolf Jaenisch created the first GM animal when he inserted foreign DNA into a mouse in 1974. The first company to focus on genetic engineering, Genentech, was founded in 1976 and started the production of human proteins. Genetically engineered human insulin was produced in 1978 and insulin-producing bacteria were commercialised in 1982. Genetically modified food has been sold since 1994, with the release of the Flavr Savr tomato. The Flavr Savr was engineered to have a longer shelf life, but most current GM crops are modified to increase resistance to insects and herbicides. GloFish, the first GMO designed as a pet, was sold in the United States in December 2003. In 2016 salmon modified with a growth hormone were sold. Genetic engineering has been applied in numerous fields including research, medicine, industrial biotechnology and agriculture. In research, GMOs are used to study gene function and expression through loss of function, gain of function, tracking and expression experiments. By knocking out genes responsible for certain conditions it is possible to create animal model organisms of human diseases. As well as producing hormones, vaccines and other drugs, genetic engineering has the potential to cure genetic diseases through gene therapy. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used in industrial genetic engineering. Additionally mRNA vaccines are made through genetic engineering to treat viruses such as COVID-19. The same techniques that are used to produce drugs can also have industrial applications such as producing enzymes for laundry detergent, cheeses and other products. The rise of commercialised genetically modified crops has provided economic benefit to farmers in many different countries, but has also been the source of most of the controversy surrounding the technology. This has been present since its early use; the first field trials were destroyed by anti-GM activists. Although there is a scientific consensus that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, critics consider GM food safety a leading concern. Gene flow, impact on non-target organisms, control of the food supply and intellectual property rights have also been raised as potential issues. These concerns have led to the development of a regulatory framework, which started in 1975. It has led to an international treaty, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, that was adopted in 2000. Individual countries have developed their own regulatory systems regarding GMOs, with the most marked differences occurring between the United States and Europe.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IR2HZ-3VHBU
All In The Genes (Award-Winning Genetic Engineering Documentary) | Our Life
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GafZSH2GztQ
These Supercows Are Genetically Bred To Fetch Six Figures At Auction (HBO)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6crfeC6VbA
Genetically modified animals: scientific revolution or crime against nature? | 60 Minutes Australia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvDYGSAMiWk
This Gene-Edited Calf Could Transform Brazil's Beef Industry | Moving Upstream
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJu8sWZDhU4
Top 7 Genetically Modified Animals
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B0zT9CN3-50
The Goats with Spider Genes and Silk in their Milk - Horizon: Playing God - BBC Two
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmvWaSmZmVE
Top 15 Incredible Genetic Engineering Modifications
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CL4z9HUI2IY
ANIMAL PHARM - INSIDE GMO TRANSGENICS AND CLONING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7MkiAac4pU
animal pharm 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OViMxELBYew
How a Bioworks Startup Is Trying To Reprogram the World
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqIH8ftReFQ
The Dairy Scientist Saving Cows From Pain
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zt6XIcWbTcc&t=156s
The Rise of Genetic Engineering | A Hopeful Future

Geneticaly Modified Organisms GMO's are good& vital for the enviroment because geneticaly modified crops are drout resistant A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination". A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified (GM), including animals, plants, and microorganisms. Genetic modification can include the introduction of new genes or enhancing, altering, or knocking out endogenous genes. In some genetic modifications, genes are transferred within the same species, across species (creating transgenic organisms), and even across kingdoms. Creating a genetically modified organism is a multi-step process. Genetic engineers must isolate the gene they wish to insert into the host organism and combine it with other genetic elements, including a promoter and terminator region and often a selectable marker. A number of techniques are available for inserting the isolated gene into the host genome. Recent advancements using genome editing techniques, notably CRISPR, have made the production of GMOs much simpler. Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen made the first genetically modified organism in 1973, a bacterium resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin. The first genetically modified animal, a mouse, was created in 1974 by Rudolf Jaenisch, and the first plant was produced in 1983. In 1994, the Flavr Savr tomato was released, the first commercialized genetically modified food. The first genetically modified animal to be commercialized was the GloFish (2003) and the first genetically modified animal to be approved for food use was the AquAdvantage salmon in 2015. Bacteria are the easiest organisms to engineer and have been used for research, food production, industrial protein purification (including drugs), agriculture, and art. There is potential to use them for environmental purposes or as medicine. Fungi have been engineered with much the same goals. Viruses play an important role as vectors for inserting genetic information into other organisms. This use is especially relevant to human gene therapy. There are proposals to remove the virulent genes from viruses to create vaccines. Plants have been engineered for scientific research, to create new colors in plants, deliver vaccines, and to create enhanced crops. Genetically modified crops are publicly the most controversial GMOs, in spite of having the most human health and environmental benefits. Animals are generally much harder to transform and the vast majority are still at the research stage. Mammals are the best model organisms for humans. Livestock is modified with the intention of improving economically important traits such as growth rate, quality of meat, milk composition, disease resistance, and survival. Genetically modified fish are used for scientific research, as pets, and as a food source. Genetic engineering has been proposed as a way to control mosquitos, a vector for many deadly diseases. Although human gene therapy is still relatively new, it has been used to treat genetic disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency and Leber's congenital amaurosis. Many objections have been raised over the development of GMOs, particularly their commercialization. Many of these involve GM crops and whether food produced from them is safe and what impact growing them will have on the environment. Other concerns are the objectivity and rigor of regulatory authorities, contamination of non-genetically modified food, control of the food supply, patenting of life, and the use of intellectual property rights. Although there is a scientific consensus that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, GM food safety is a leading issue with critics. Gene flow, impact on non-target organisms, and escape are the major environmental concerns. Countries have adopted regulatory measures to deal with these concerns. There are differences in the regulation for the release of GMOs between countries, with some of the most marked differences occurring between the US and Europe. Key issues concerning regulators include whether GM food should be labeled and the status of gene-edited organisms.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DK5kRGs0HX0
The Truth About GMOs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngjAqzam0fU
Seeds of Profit: Why Fruits and Vegetable Are the New Gold
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uN_Wvz7zKzw
GMO Food Fears and the First Test Tube Tomato | Retro Report
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QRLY_aNAsOE
How was transgenic virus resistant papaya made?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3xCmfnAV_4
Hawaii GMO Papaya: Real Solutions, Real Lives
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coqsLf5qcUk
GMO banana: Overcoming bacterial wilt
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LFmWhJu6Pw
USDA Approves Genetically Modified Non-Browning Apple
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bco7rPyKwec
Future of Food: This genetically engineered salmon may hit U.S. markets as early as 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGsjAoOM5cI
GMO Tomatoes Could Be Returning After 25 Years. Will People Eat Them?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AHGI8zC6FHA
GMOs: Breakthrough in Agriculture or A Menace to Our Health? | SLICE EARTH | FULL DOCUMENTARY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxPdNzhJOXI&t=29s
Would you try a purple tomato?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TitHNx0l3w
How Apples Are Made In A Lab