felykotagbia.com - EPiGENETiCS

The endocrine system is a messenger system in an organism comprising feedback loops of hormones that are released by internal glands directly into the circulatory system and that target and regulate distant organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.

In humans, the major endocrine glands are the thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, pineal, and adrenal glands, and the (male) testis and (female) ovaries. The hypothalamus, pancreas, and thymus also function as endocrine glands, among other functions. (The hypothalamus and pituitary glands are organs of the neuroendocrine system. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus—it is located in the brain adjacent to the pituitary gland—is to link the endocrine system to the nervous system via the pituitary gland.) Other organs, such as the kidneys, also have roles within the endocrine system by secreting certain hormones. The study of the endocrine system and its disorders is known as endocrinology. The thyroid secretes thyroxine, the pituitary secretes growth hormone, the pineal secretes melatonin, the testis secretes testosterone, and the ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone.

Glands that signal each other in sequence are often referred to as an axis, such as the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. In addition to the specialized endocrine organs mentioned above, many other organs that are part of other body systems have secondary endocrine functions, including bone, kidneys, liver, heart and gonads. For example, the kidney secretes the endocrine hormone erythropoietin. Hormones can be amino acid complexes, steroids, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, or prostaglandins.

The endocrine system is contrasted both to exocrine glands, which secrete hormones to the outside of the body, and to the system known as paracrine signalling between cells over a relatively short distance. Endocrine glands have no ducts, are vascular, and commonly have intracellular vacuoles or granules that store their hormones. In contrast, exocrine glands, such as salivary glands, mammary glands, and submucosal glands within the gastrointestinal tract, tend to be much less vascular and have ducts or a hollow lumen. Endocrinology is a branch of internal medicine.

Pituitary Often called the "master gland," it regulate growth, reproduction & other endocrine glands. Growth hormone (GH), TSH, ACTH, Oxytocin

Thyroid Controls the body's metabolism, or the rate at which cells burn fuel for energy. Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3)

Adrenal Located on top of each kidney; manages stress response, blood pressure & metabolism. Adrenaline (epinephrine), Cortisol

Pancreas Part of both the digestive & endocrine system; regulate blood sugar level. Insulin, Glucagon

Pineal gland Located in the brain; regulate sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm). Melatonin

Gonads & Ovaries (females) and Testes (males) produce sex hormones for puberty & reproduction. Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone

How It Stay Balanced To prevent your body from being flooded with too much or too little of a hormone, the system use feedback loops. For example, when the hypothalamus detect high level of a certain hormone, it send a signal to the pituitary gland to stop stimulating the gland that make it.

Common Conditions Endocrine disorders typically occur when a gland produce an improper amount of a hormone: Diabetes type 1 : The most common endocrine condition, where the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin or Diabetes type 2 the body cannot use it properly.

Thyroid Disease: Includes hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid causing fatigue and weight gain) & hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid causing anxiety and rapid heartbeat). PCOS: A hormonal imbalance in females often causing irregular periods and infertility

The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs that use chemical messengers called hormones to coordinate almost every function in your body. Unlike the nervous system, which uses fast electrical signals, the endocrine system sends hormones through the bloodstream, resulting in slower but more widespread and longer-lasting effect. The "master switchboard" of this system is the hypothalamus, which link your brain to your hormonal system & control the pituitary gland take 72 Trace minerals of Nature's plus & don't drink sugar nor consume high carb diet & your endocrine system should be better off be blessed by God the Father God the Son & God the Holy Spirit Hallelujah Hallelujah Blessed be the word of the Lord for Christ is risen Hallelujah Hallelujah peace be still in Nomine Patris et FiLii et Spiritus Sancti amen
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ycbl2EY3ukc
The Entire Endocrine System in 45 minutes

Epigenetics how genes are copied explained, epigenetics is the study of how your behaviors & environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work. Unlike genetic changes, epigenetic changes are reversible & do not change your DNA sequence, but they can change how your body reads a DNA sequence. In biology, epigenetics is the study of heritable traits, or a stable change of cell function, that happen without changes to the DNA sequence. The Greek prefix epi- (ἐπι- "over, outside of, around") in epigenetics implies features that are "on top of" or "in addition to" the traditional (DNA sequence based) genetic mechanism of inheritance. Epigenetics usually involves a change that is not erased by cell division, and affects the regulation of gene expression. Such effects on cellular and physiological phenotypic traits may result from environmental factors, or be part of normal development. They can lead to cancer. The term also refers to the mechanism of changes: functionally relevant alterations to the genome that do not involve mutation of the nucleotide sequence. Examples of mechanisms that produce such changes are DNA methylation and histone modification, each of which alters how genes are expressed without altering the underlying DNA sequence. Further, non-coding RNA sequences have been shown to play a key role in the regulation of gene expression. Gene expression can be controlled through the action of repressor proteins that attach to silencer regions of the DNA. These epigenetic changes may last through cell divisions for the duration of the cell's life, and may also last for multiple generations, even though they do not involve changes in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism; instead, non-genetic factors cause the organism's genes to behave (or "express themselves") differently. One example of an epigenetic change in eukaryotic biology is the process of cellular differentiation. During morphogenesis, totipotent stem cells become the various pluripotent cell lines of the embryo, which in turn become fully differentiated cells. In other words, as a single fertilized egg cell – the zygote – continues to divide, the resulting daughter cells change into all the different cell types in an organism, including neurons, muscle cells, epithelium, endothelium of blood vessels, etc., by activating some genes while inhibiting the expression of others May the Holy Roman Catholic Church be blessed by God the Father God the Son & God the Holy Spirit Hallelujah Hallelujah Blessed be the word of the Lord for Christ is risen Hallelujah Hallelujah peace be still in Nomine Patris et FiLii et Spiritus Sancti amen
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHVyocVVEko
What Is Epigenetics?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BE-Ft4VPe3g
Hack Your DNA: The Mind-Blowing Science of Epigenetics - Full Knowledge Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lNLi13Wu2Ls
The Gene Switch: How Environment Controls Your DNA | Epigenetics: Decoding Life | Full Documentary

Erythropoiesis (from Greek erythro, meaning red and poiesis, meaning to make) is the process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes), which is the development from erythropoietic stem cell to mature red blood cell. It is stimulated by decreased O2 in circulation, which is detected by the kidneys, which then secrete the hormone erythropoietin. This hormone stimulates proliferation and differentiation of red cell precursors, which activates increased erythropoiesis in the hemopoietic tissues, ultimately producing red blood cells (erythrocytes). In postnatal birds and mammals (including humans), this usually occurs within the red bone marrow. In the early fetus, erythropoiesis takes place in the mesodermal cells of the yolk sac. By the third or fourth month, erythropoiesis moves to the liver. After seven months, erythropoiesis occurs in the bone marrow. Increased level of physical activity can cause an increase in erythropoiesis. However, in humans with certain disease and in some animals, erythropoiesis also occurs outside the bone marrow, within the spleen or liver. This is termed extramedullary erythropoiesis. The bone marrow of essentially all the bones produces red blood cells until a person is around five years old. The tibia and femur cease to be important sites of hematopoiesis by about age 25; the vertebrae, sternum, pelvis and ribs, and cranial bones continue to produce red blood cells throughout life. Up to the age of 20 years, RBCs are produced from red bone marrow of all the bones (long bones and all the flat bones). After the age of 20 years, RBCs are produced from membranous bones such as vertebrae, the sternum, ribs, scapulas, and the iliac bones. After 20 years of age, the shaft of the long bones becomes yellow bone marrow because of fat deposition and loses the erythropoietic function. Comparison of erythrocyte production by marrow stem cell lines from old and young adult donors shows no significant differences. This finding implies that little or none of the proliferative capacity of the erythropoietic stem cells is exhausted by a lifetime of normal functioning.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RkIv4xg1Lg
Erythropoiesis | Making Red Blood Cells

Extracellular matrix of animal cells most animal cells release materials into the extracellular space, creating a complex meshwork of proteins and carbohydrates called the extracellular matrix (ECM). A major component of the extracellular matrix is the protein collagen. Collagen proteins are modified with carbohydrates, and once they're released from the cell, they assemble into long fibers called collagen fibrils. Collagen play a key role in giving tissue strength and structural integrity. Human genetic disorders that affect collagen, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, result in fragile tissue that stretch and tear too easily. In the extracellular matrix, collagen fibers are interwoven with a class of carbohydrate-bearing proteoglycans, which may be attached to a long polysaccharide backbone as shown in the picture above. The extracellular matrix also contains many other type of proteins and carbohydrates. The extracellular matrix is directly connected to the cells it surrounds. Some of the key connectors are proteins called integrins, which are embedded in the plasma membrane. Proteins in the extracellular matrix, like the fibronectin molecules shown in green in the diagram above, can act as bridges between integrins and other extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen. On the inner side of the membrane, the integrins are linked to the cytoskeleton. Integrins anchor the cell to the extracellular matrix. In addition, integrins help the cell sense its environment they can detect both chemical and mechanical cues from the extracellular matrix and trigger signaling pathways in response. Blood clotting provides another example of communication between cells and the extracellular matrix. When the cells lining a blood vessel are damaged, they display a protein receptor called tissue factor. When tissue factor binds to a molecule present in the extracellular matrix, it triggers a range of responses that reduce blood loss. For instance, it causes platelets to stick to the wall of the damaged blood vessel and stimulates them to produce clotting factors. Minerals play a key role as the foundation of collagen .The extracellular matrix (ECM) primarily stores energy in two forms: elastic (mechanical) potential energy in its structural proteins and chemical energy in molecules like inorganic polyphosphates (polyP). Elastic (Mechanical) Energy Mechanism: Tissue such as tendon and skin are subjected to mechanical forces (e.g., stretching, compression) during normal bodily movements. The fibrous proteins within the ECM, particularly collagen and elastin, are responsible for storing this energy. Collagen: At low strains (up to 2%), elastic energy is stored by the stretching of flexible, non-helical regions within the collagen triple helix molecules. These flexible regions temporarily increase their steric energy, which is released upon unloading, allowing the tissue to recoil (e.g., in locomotion, like a spring in an animal's leg tendons). Proteoglycans and Fluid: Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) also play a role in both energy storage and dissipation. Their highly charged nature attracts water molecules, forming a hydrated network. This allows them to resist compressive forces in tissues like cartilage and dissipate excess energy, preventing mechanical failure. Chemical Energy Inorganic Polyphosphates (polyP): The ECM can also store chemical energy in the form of inorganic polyphosphates (polyP). These are polymers linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds. ATP Generation: Enzymes within the extracellular space, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and adenylate kinase (ADK), can enzymatically cleave polyP to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from AMP or ADP, respectively. This provides a local source of readily usable metabolic energy to power energy-consuming processes in the extracellular space, such as collagen packaging or bone mineralization.
Shot with Galaxy Ao4S edited with Davinci Resolve & Photoshop
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LajvidhBK2Y
Cell–Extracellular Matrix Mechanobiology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ge017acWXJA
The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) | The Common Denominator In All Chronic Diseases
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwBVnIjeOfw
Extracellular Matrix Stiffening & AGEs: Structural Aging [2021]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo93la2yxNE
Extracellular Matrix Animation: Quantifying Tissue Remodeling through the Nordic ProteinFingerPrint™
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qLVUeA1oFEk&t=27s
Pigs’ Bladder Helps Patients' Stem Cells Grow Missing Muscles