THE STANDARD MODEL

The Higgs Boson If you're as smart as God you might discover the God particle as Peter Higgs has with the Large Hadron Collider. You & everything around you are made of particles. But when the universe began, no particles had mass; they all sped around at the speed of light. Stars, planets & life could only emerge because particles gained their mass from a fundamental field associated with the Higgs boson. The existence of this mass-giving field was confirmed in 2012, when the Higgs boson particle was discovered at CERN. In our current description of Nature, every particle is a wave in a field. The most familiar example of this is light: light is simultaneously a wave in the electromagnetic field & a stream of particles called photons. In the Higgs boson's case, the field came first. The Higgs field was proposed in 1964 as a new kind of field that fills the entire Universe & gives mass to all elementary particles. The Higgs boson is a wave in that field. Its discovery confirms the existence of the Higgs field. Particles get their mass by interacting with the Higgs field; they do not have a mass of their own. The stronger a particle interacts with the Higgs field, the heavier the particle ends up being. Photons, for example, do not interact with this field and therefore have no mass. Yet other elementary particles, including electrons, quarks and bosons, do interact and hence have a variety of masses. This mass-giving interaction with the Higgs field is known as the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism, proposed by theorists Robert Brout, François Englert and Peter Higgs. The Higgs boson can't be “discovered” by finding it somewhere but has to be created in a particle collision. Once created, it transforms – or “decays” – into other particles that can be detected in particle detectors. Physicists look for traces of these particles in data collected by the detectors. The challenge is that these particles are also produced in many other processes, plus the Higgs boson only appears in about one in a billion LHC collisions. But careful statistical analysis of enormous amounts of data uncovered the particle's faint signal in 2012. On 4 July 2012, the ATLAS and CMS collaborations announced the discovery of a new particle to a packed auditorium at CERN. This particle had no electrical charge, it was short-lived and it decayed in ways that the Higgs boson should, according to theory. To confirm if it really was the Higgs boson, physicists needed to check its “spin” – the Higgs boson is the only particle to have a spin of zero. By examining two & a half times more data, they concluded in March 2013 that, indeed, some kind of Higgs boson had been discovered. Discovering the Higgs boson was just the beginning. In the ten years since, physicists have examined how strongly it interacts with other particles, to see if this matches theoretical predictions. Interaction strength can be measured experimentally by looking at Higgs boson production and decay: the heavier a particle the more likely the Higgs boson is to decay into or be produced from it. Interaction with tau leptons was discovered in 2016 and interaction with top and bottom quarks in 2018.  We still have much to learn about the Higgs boson. Is it one-of-a-kind or is there a whole Higgs sector of particles? Does it help to explain how the universe was formed, with matter triumphing over antimatter? Does it get its mass by interacting with itself in some way? And why is its mass so small, suggesting the existence of a whole new mechanism. Could dark matter and other new particles be found thanks to interactions with the Higgs boson? Ten years after the discovery, the journey has only just begun. In the search for this particle, accelerator and detector technologies were pushed to the limits, leading to advances in healthcare, aerospace and more.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7dsACYTTXE
The Crazy Mass-Giving Mechanism of the Higgs Field Simplified
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WduRCAlIig
Peter Higgs, Nobel Prize in Physics 2013: Five questions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QtudlGHoBQ8
An Audience With Prof. Peter Higgs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1UiCdvXMNQ
Nobel-winning physicist Peter Higgs dies "peacefully in his home" | DW News
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rdz9ygLpcPQ
Is The Higgs Boson Really The God Particle?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kw0iRW2hoC4
Peter Higgs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Y44ZG1RioI
The Higgs boson: What it is and why it matters
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVGknW4EaGA
OPPENHEIMER LECTURE: The Higgs Particle: Pivot Of Symmetry And Mass
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCZr8mUsJ2s
What Is the Higgs Boson? | Sean Carroll Discusses the God Particle

The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles. It was developed in stages throughout the latter half of the 20th century, through the work of many scientists worldwide, with the current formulation being finalized in the mid-1970s upon experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks. Since then, proof of the top quark (1995), the tau neutrino (2000), and the Higgs boson (2012) have added further credence to the Standard Model. In addition, the Standard Model has predicted various properties of weak neutral currents and the W and Z bosons with great accuracy. Although the Standard Model is believed to be theoretically self-consistent and has demonstrated some success in providing experimental predictions, it leaves some physical phenomena unexplained and so falls short of being a complete theory of fundamental interactions. For example, it does not fully explain baryon asymmetry, incorporate the full theory of gravitation as described by general relativity, or account for the universe's accelerating expansion as possibly described by dark energy. The model does not contain any viable dark matter particle that possesses all of the required properties deduced from observational cosmology. It also does not incorporate neutrino oscillations and their non-zero masses. The development of the Standard Model was driven by theoretical and experimental particle physicists alike. The Standard Model is a paradigm of a quantum field theory for theorists, exhibiting a wide range of phenomena, including spontaneous symmetry breaking, anomalies, and non-perturbative behavior. It is used as a basis for building more exotic models that incorporate hypothetical particles, extra dimensions, and elaborate symmetries (such as supersymmetry) to explain experimental results at variance with the Standard Model, such as the existence of dark matter and neutrino oscillations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V0KjXsGRvoA
CERN: The Standard Model Of Particle Physics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XYcw8nV_GTs
The Standard Model
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u05VK0pSc7I
How 2 Fundamental Forces Unite: Electromagnetism & The Weak force - Electroweak force
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qZYLe2NEjk
Standard Model of Particle Physics Explains Everything Except THIS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehHoOYqAT_U
What’s the smallest thing in the universe? - Jonathan Butterworth
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGQoDl_XtSk
Particles Unknown (2021) | Full Documentary | NOVA