iNSiDE  THE               EAR

Immune system , the immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases. It detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, as well as cancer cells and objects such as wood splinters, distinguishing them from the organism's own healthy tissue. Many species have two major subsystems of the immune system. The innate immune system provides a preconfigured response to broad groups of situations and stimuli. The adaptive immune system provides a tailored response to each stimulus by learning to recognize molecules it has previously encountered. Both use molecules and cells to perform their functions. Nearly all organisms have some kind of immune system. Bacteria have a rudimentary immune system in the form of enzymes that protect against viral infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient plants and animals and remain in their modern descendants. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt to recognize pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates an immunological memory leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Dysfunction of the immune system can cause autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. Autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system how do t cells regulate metabolism T cells regulate human metabolism by undergoing a process called metabolic reprogramming, which allow them to meet the energy and biosynthetic demand of different functional states. This reprogramming is controlled by key signaling pathways and transcription factors that respond to internal and external cues. Metabolic states in T-cell life cycle The metabolic regulation of a T cell changes dramatically throughout its life. Naive/Resting T cells: In their quiescent state, these cells have low metabolic activity. They primarily use oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) for efficient, long-term energy production and to meet basal survival needs. Activated Effector T cells: Upon activation by an antigen, T cells rapidly proliferate and differentiate into effector cells. Their metabolism shift dramatically to support the massive energy and biomass required for expansion. Metabolic switch: They upregulate aerobic glycolysis, known as the Warburg effect, along with glutaminolysis. Biosynthesis: This metabolic shift is less efficient at generating ATP but quickly produce metabolic intermediates (lipids, amino acids, nucleotides) needed for synthesizing new cellular components. Memory T cells: After an infection is cleared, most effector cells die. The remaining memory cells revert to a quiescent, long-lived state that depends on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) for sustained energy production. This reliance on lipid metabolism help ensure their survival and efficient recall response upon re-encountering the same antigen. Key signaling pathways that regulate T-cell metabolism multiple molecular regulators govern the transition between these metabolic states. mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin): This central integrator sense nutrient availability, energy status, and growth factor signals. Function: Activating mTOR is critical for the metabolic shift to glycolysis in effector T cells, promoting cell growth and proliferation. Rapamycin has been observed to suppress the phosphorylation of the mTOR substrate S6 kinase at concentrations as low as 1 nM. In contrast, low μM concentrations rapamycin were required to suppress the proliferation of several breast cancer cells. Inhibition: Pharmacological inhibition of mTOR with drugs like rapamycin promote the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and memory T cells, which favor oxidative metabolism. AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase): As an energy-sensing kinase, AMPK activates when cellular ATP levels are low. Function: It balances the effects of mTOR by promoting catabolic pathways like FAO and inhibiting mTOR-driven anabolism. Role in cell fate: High AMPK activity favors the differentiation and survival of Tregs and memory T cells. HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α): This transcription factor is activated in low-oxygen environments, such as inflamed or tumor tissues. Function: It directly promote glycolysis by upregulating the glucose transporter GLUT1 and other glycolytic enzymes. Effect on differentiation: In T cells, HIF-1α is critical for the development of Th17 effector cells while inhibiting the generation of Tregs. c-Myc: This oncogenic transcription factor is rapidly induced upon T-cell activation. Function: HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α) acts as a master regulator of metabolic reprogramming by driving the expression of genes involved in glycolysis and glutaminolysis. Immune checkpoints (e.g., Programmed death-1, Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4): These inhibitory receptors are expressed on T cells and play a crucial role in suppressing the immune response. Mechanism: Ligation of Programmed death-1 or Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 inhibit the Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Protein Kinase B (Akt), and mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, thereby reducing glycolysis and dampening T-cell function. In the case of PD-1 Programmed death-1, this also promotes fatty acid oxidation. How metabolic states determine T-cell function the metabolic program adopted by a T cell is not just a consequence of its functional state, but a critical driver that help define its fate. Effector T cells (Type 1 T helper cell, Type 2 T helper cell, Type 17 T helper cell): These highly glycolytic cells can quickly generate energy and biosynthetic components for rapid proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic function. Regulatory T cells (Tregs): Tregs rely on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO). This metabolic profile support their long-term survival and immunosuppressive function, allowing them to outcompete effector cells in nutrient-poor environments, such as tumors. Memory T cells: By switching back to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO), memory T cells become metabolically quiescent and long-lived. This metabolic adaptation enables them to survive for extended periods and mount a rapid, robust recall response upon subsequent infection. Metabolic stress: In conditions like chronic infection or cancer, T cells face metabolic restrictions from nutrient deprivation and inhibitory byproducts like lactate. This can drive them into a state of "exhaustion," where their metabolic function and ability to clear pathogens or tumors are impaired in nomine Patris et FiLii et Spiritus Sancti peace be still
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZTf3OXJDWA&t=110s
Human Immune System - How it works! (Animation)

inside the human cell cytology the study of cells In total, we estimate total body counts of ≈36 trillion cells in the male, ≈28 trillion in the female, and ≈17 trillion in the child. if you ask what supplements increase stem cells, these include vitamin D3 and C, Curcumin, Glucosamine, Chondroitin, Resveratrol and Fish Oil. The nucleus of a human cell is only about 6 micrometers in diameter.  Atherosclerosis is thickening or hardening of the arteries. It is caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery. Plaque is made up of deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin. As it builds up in the arteries, the artery walls become thickened and stiff. A typical proliferating human cell divides on average every 24 h. This division timing allows cells to synchronize with other physiological processes and with the environment. The circadian clock, which orchestrates daily rhythms, directly regulates the cell division cycle and is a major synchronizing factor. Sulfur is a precursor to glutathione takes 4hours the gal bladder and liver produce bile which break down polyunsaturated fats pancreas releases amalase trypsin and lipase which break down starch and protein into amino acids new cells are built up by protein gut produces t b cells & macrophages blood volume is typically replaced within 24 hours. Red blood cells take between 4-6 weeks to completely replace, which is why the FDA requires an 8 week wait between blood donations. The vagus nerve joins the brain to the gut The body stops making glutathione past the age of 30 There are 37 Mitochondria dna the kidney filter about 1,800 litres of blood and excretes the filtered waste of products and toxins through urine. It takes just five minutes for all the blood in our body to pass through the kidneys; every day this happens about 300 times. Low levels of alt Alanine transaminase is good for the body Chronic alcohol consumption, drugs, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and chronic viral hepatitis are common causes associated with raised ALT and Aspartate transaminase.  low albumin levels are bad centenarians have high albumin levels Creatinine, which is a waste product produced by the muscles, gets filtered out by the kidneys. Your blood test result got flagged because a buildup of creatinine in the blood can be a sign of impaired kidney function.For example, very few of the centenarians had a glucose level above 6.5 earlier in life, or a creatinine level above 125. We found that, on the whole, those who made it to their hundredth birthday tended to have lower levels of glucose, creatinine and uric acid from their 60s onwards. Polyphenols activate sirtuins 30 grams of dark chocolate daily led to significant increase in nitric oxide levels in the blood. The body stops making T cells past the age of 20 as we age we lose NAD levels. The heart beats 100 thousand times a day 1kg of adipose fat burns 4.5kcal 1kg muscles 13kcal 1kg heart tissue burns 240kcal 1 kg brain tissue burns 440kcal .The loss of electrons is called oxidation resulting in free radicals, antioxidants donate electrons to reactive oxygen species, free radicals are produced when we breath and digest food when we smoke or by pollution or uv light, beta caretine vitamin A glutathione is comprised of 3 amino acids—cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine. Glutathione is also synthesized in the body. Removal of peroxidases decreases with age, obesity accelerates epigenetic aging of human liver, hiv accelerates epigenetic aging in blood and brain tissue. Ubiquitin is the chemical tag used to label damaged proteins for disposal — antioxidants remove peroxides inflammation is tissue damage children born under c section have a higher chance of asthma immune diseases and leukemia. The Hayflick Limit is a concept that helps to explain the mechanisms behind cellular aging. The concept states that a normal human cell can only replicate and divide forty to sixty times before it cannot divide anymore, and will break down by programmed cell death or apoptosis. 10 million atp molecules can be generated per second in a cell, organisms grow because cells are dividing to produce more and more cells. In human bodies, nearly two trillion cells divide every day. 10 Million ATP molecules can be generated each second in a cell  minerals play crucial roles in cell membrane structure & function. Phosphorus, a key component of phospholipids, forms the bilayer structure of the membrane, providing a protective barrier. Additionally, minerals like calcium, potassium & magnesium, also known as electrolytes, are essential for regulating fluid balance & transport across the membrane. They also act as cofactors for enzymes involved in membrane transport and signaling. Elaboration: Phosphorus: A principal component of phospholipids, which are the main building blocks of the cell membrane. Calcium, Potassium, and Magnesium: These positively charged minerals, also called electrolytes, are vital for regulating fluid balance within and outside the cell. They are involved in: Fluid Balance: Maintaining the correct water balance within the cell. Transport: Facilitating the movement of substances across the membrane. Enzyme Activation: Acting as cofactors for enzymes involved in membrane transport.  Signal Transduction: Enabling cells to respond to signals from hormones and other molecules. Other Minerals: Trace elements like zinc, iron, copper, and selenium can influence membrane fluidity and stability. Ion Channels: Minerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride cross the membrane through specialized protein channels. Membrane Transport Proteins: Some proteins that incorporate magnesium are involved in transporting other minerals across the membrane. Mineral Interactions: Minerals can interact with the cell membrane to affect its structure, function, and interactions with other molecules. Deficiencies: Mineral deficiencies can lead to a range of issues, including problems with cell membrane function and transport . The duration cells remain before dividing varies significantly, depending on the cell type and its function. Some cells, like those lining the gut or blood cells, divide rapidly, while others, like neurons, can remain in a non-dividing state for years, even indefinitely. A typical human cell takes about 24 hours to complete the cell cycle (including division), but this can be much shorter or longer in different cell types. Here's a breakdown: Rapidly dividing cells: Many cells in the body, like those in the bone marrow (producing blood cells) or the lining of the intestines, divide frequently to replace old or damaged cells. Some of these can complete a cell cycle in as little as 90 minutes, such as budding yeasts. Slowly dividing cells: Other cells, like those in the liver or muscle, divide less frequently. Some, like neurons, may not divide at all after reaching maturity. Cell cycle phases: A typical human cell cycle has four phases: G1, S (DNA replication), G2, and M (mitosis/division). The duration of each phase varies between cell types. For instance, a rapidly dividing human cell might spend 11 hours in G1, 8 hours in S, 4 hours in G2, and 1 hour in M. Specific examples: Red blood cells have a lifespan of about 4 months, while cells in the eye lens can last a lifetime. Resting phase (G0): Cells can also enter a resting phase called G0, where they exit the cell cycle and stop dividing. Neurons, for example, are in G0 for their entire lifespan. Environmental factors: Cell division rates can also be influenced by environmental factors like nutrient availability, growth factors, and cell density. Water constitutes a significant portion of a cell, typically ranging from 70% to 80% of its mass. This means that for every kilogram of cell mass, 700 to 800 grams are water. This high water content is crucial for various cellular processes , Yes, silica is found both inside and outside of cells, though its location and form depend on the organism. In plants and diatoms, silica (SiO2) is a key structural component of their cell walls, depositing outside the main cell membrane. In contrast, silica enters animal cells via processes like endocytosis, becoming internalized within the cytoplasm or in membrane-bounded organelles. Silica outside the cell Plants: In plant cells, silica strengthens and stabilizes the cell wall, crosslinking polysaccharides and other molecules to form a more durable structure. Diatoms: These single-celled organisms, like plants, build their entire cell walls from silica, forming a rigid, glass-like outer shell called a frustule. Silica inside the cell Endocytosis: In higher animals like humans, silicon (the primary component of silica) is present both in the extracellular and intracellular space, primarily as the soluble compound orthosilicic acid (\(Si(OH)_{4}\)). In animal cells, silica can be taken in through endocytosis, a process where the cell membrane surrounds and engulfs silica nanoparticles. Internalization: Once inside, silica is often found within membrane-bounded organelles, though it can also be released into the cytoplasm. This internalization is crucial for understanding silica benefit in the body, as internalized particles can interact with various cellular components Transport mechanisms: Because the cell membrane is largely impermeable to silicic acid, transport into and out of the cell is mediated by specific protein channels. In mammals, aquaporins are thought to transport silicon into cells, while the SLC34A2 transporter Solute Carrier Family 34 Member 2 facilitates its efflux be blessed consume silica supplements ; cells are more sensitive to PH than temperature Cells can be considered more sensitive to changes in pH because even slight variations can disrupt critical cellular processes, while cells can also adapt to a certain range of temperature changes. However, a combination of low pH and heat exposure significantly increases cell damage, suggesting pH is a crucial factor in modulating the effect of temperature. Why pH is a critical factor: Regulation and Signaling: Changes in pH can act as regulatory signals or permissive factors for various cellular processes. Cellular Machinery: The actin cytoskeleton, which is vital for processes like cell migration and vesicle trafficking, is highly sensitive to pH changes. Adaptation to Stress: Cells possess mechanisms to adapt to different pH levels to maintain their function. Temperature effect and interaction with pH: Biochemical Reaction: Temperature influence the rate of biochemical reaction. While higher temperature generally increase reaction rate, extreme heat cause enzymes to denature and lose function. Interaction with pH: Enhanced Thermal Sensitivity: A decrease in pH (acidic environment) can significantly increase a cell's sensitivity to heat. Tumor Characteristics: Tumors often have more acidic environments compared to surrounding normal tissues, and this low pH is thought to enhance the effectiveness of heat therapy. Thermotolerance: Heat treatment can induce thermotolerance, which is a cellular resistance to further heat damage, and the decay of this tolerance can also be influenced by the pH environment. In summary: Cells are finely tuned to maintain a specific pH range, and deviations can trigger various responses. While temperature also affects cells, its impact, particularly in terms of cell damage, is often significantly amplified in an acidic environment thus drink chlorinated water .The human body replaces approximately 330 billion cells every day, with the rate being higher in younger individuals and slowing down with age. Most of these new cells are blood cells & cells that line the intestines.  Daily production: The body creates around 3.8 million new cells every second to replace old ones, which adds up to about 330 billion cells each day. Most numerous cells: The majority of the new cells are red blood cells and those lining the gut, though other cell types are also replaced at different rate. Age-related changes: The rate of cell production slows down as people age so it is important to supplement with gravel gastroliths & other trace minerals as Lanthanide for strong bones and good red blood cell production be blessed by Christ Jesus in nomine Patris et FiLii et Spiritus Sancti peace be still
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=919JWKiNR6U
Chapter 2 The Cell
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fwW86e3tFv4
Secret lives of cells – Life sciences
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eur-68WNnV8
what are cells in human body|| what are cells made of|| What are cells?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-l-KaBtqLU8&list=PL9oD9rkXaEyU5Wc0lOEc-3cs5F7r4yLaw&index=12
Cell Transport and Solutions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1jBN00zda8
Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Cell in 7 Minutes!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8
Biology: Cell Structure I Nucleus Medical Media
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YTCO9qVXbLk
Cycle of Life: The Cell’s Journey!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiR0wNi1JHg
The Cell and its Organelles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rj5IGZY7CY
Heal diseases with supplements (and stem cells)!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9euW5iCjKDo&t=41s
Your Textbooks Are Wrong, This Is What Cells Actually Look Like
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bq1To_RKEo
M Phase of the Cell Cycle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xe1s65IH0w
Overview of Cell Structure
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XKZhcYetvsc
Overview of Cell Division

inside the ear the ear is comprised of the Cochlea & many other microscopic parts when i was drinking 2 litters of pop a day my ears would hurt when i scratched due to a lack of cartilage material i switched from drinking sugar to drinking cement concrete for the minerals within after a month of ingesting gastroliths and drinking cement concrete i gained cartilage material and i can now bend my ears again without hurting in nomine Patris et FiLii et Spiritus Sancti peace be still
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7poElGeTQGw
One Second In Your Brain - Jeremy Nathans (Johns Hopkins/HHMI)

Inside the eye, the human eye is an organ of the sensory nervous system that reacts to visible light & allows the use of visual information for various purposes including seeing things, keeping balance, & maintaining circadian rhythm. Mark 9:47 & if thine eye offend thee, pluck it out: it is better for thee to enter into the kingdom of God with one eye, than having two eyes to be cast into hell fire:  There are 137 Million Light sensitive cells in the  retina & the fluid  surrounding the eye is changed 15 times a day the human eye is 576 megapixels along with proteoglycans, elastin and glycoproteins, the sclera is composed of collagen fibrils – with heterotypic structures of types I and III collagen (but including small amounts of types V and VI) – arranged in discontinuous fibers of variable diameters in interlacing fiber bundles or defined lamellar patterns , the human eye works like a lens and lens are made of glass a common material, primarily composed of silica (sand), soda ash (sodium carbonate), and limestone (calcium carbonate), which are heated to form a molten state and then rapidly cooled, depending on the desired properties, other oxides like calcium, potassium, aluminum, and boron are added to improve characteristics such as conductivity, biocompatibility, temperature resistance, rigidity, and transparency. Calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate ,calcium, potassium, aluminum,  silica and boron minerals can be purchased from iherb.com a vital kosher supplement with 71 minerals called Nature's Plus Trace Minerals i ordered from iherb.com with no regret Natures Plus Trace Minerals supplement facts 1 Aluminum 2 Antimony 3 Barium 4 Beryllium 5 Bismuth 6 Boron 7 Bromine 8 Calcium 9 Cerium 10 Cesium 11 Chlorine 12 Chromium 13 Cobalt 14 Copper 15 Dysprosium 16 Erbium 17 Europium 18 Fluorine 19 Gadolinium 20 Gallium 21 Germanium 22 Gold 23 Hafnium 24 Holmium 25 indium 26 iodine 27 iridium 28 iron 29 Lanthanum 30 Lithium 31 Lutetium 32 Magnesium 33 Manganese 34 Molybdenum 35 Neodymium 36 Nickel 37 Niobium 38 Nitrogen 39 Oxygen 40 Osmium 41 Palladium 42 Phosphorus 43 Platinum 44 Potassium 45 Praseodymium 46 Rhenium 47 Rhodium 48 Rubidium 49 Ruthenium 50 Samarium 51 Scandium 52 Selenium 53 Silicon 54 Silver 56 Sodium 57 Strontium 58 Sulfur 59 Tantalum Tellurium 60 Terbium 61 Thallium 62 Thorium 63 Thulium 64 Tin 65 Titanium 66 Tungsten 67 Vanadium 68 Ytterbium 69 Yttrium 70 Zinc 71 Zirconium // Calcium is involved in various eye functions, including the proper functioning of photoreceptors (cells that detect light) and the maintenance of the integrity of the eye's structures Yes, fructose, a type of sugar found naturally in fruits and also added to many processed foods, can contribute to blurry vision. This is because high blood sugar levels, including those caused by fructose consumption, can lead to swelling of the lens in the eye, affecting its ability to focus properly, resulting in temporary blurry vision, rheum is due to high carb & sugar intake the sclera is composed of collagen fibrils  in nomine Patris et FiLii et Spiritus Sancti peace be still
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eySkNWTI03Q
What Happens Inside Your Eyes - 3D Animation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DF-66akgJ7A
5 SUPPLEMENTS to Protect Eyes & Reduce Vision Loss🔥Dr. Michael Greger
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LexKZva0s4I
Where the Light Touches Your Eyes｜Phototransduction and Rhodopsin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQc495llAk0
The SHOCKING Truth About SIGHT That Nobody Wants You to Know
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sCsUTMOZBxE
How the Human Eye Works! (Animation)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O772SsMqjhY
How Optics Work - the basics of cameras, lenses and telescopes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6YYd4vLths
Geometric Optics 2

intestines according to available information, the human intestines can hold roughly 1-3 gallons of fluid, with the majority of absorption happening in the small intestine, which receives around 1-3 gallons of liquid per day, while the large intestine (colon) primarily absorbs water from this liquid, leaving behind solid waste to be excreted. The lower gastrointestinal tract includes most of the small intestine and all of the large intestine. In human anatomy, the intestine (bowel or gut; Greek: éntera) is the segment of the gastrointestinal tract extending from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the anus and as in other mammals, consists of two segments: the small intestine and the large intestine. In humans, the small intestine is further subdivided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum while the large intestine is subdivided into the cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal. Main articles: Small intestine, Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum. The small intestine begins at the duodenum and is a tubular structure, usually between 6 and 7 m long. Its mucosal area in an adult human is about 30 m2 (320 sq ft) The combination of the circular folds, the villi, and the microvilli increases the absorptive area of the mucosa about 600-fold, making a total area of about 250 m2 (2,700 sq ft) for the entire small intestine. Its main function is to absorb the products of digestion (including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins) into the bloodstream. There are three major divisions: Duodenum: A short structure (about 20–25 cm long) that receives chyme from the stomach, together with pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes and bile from the gall bladder. The digestive enzymes break down proteins, and bile emulsifies fats into micelles. The duodenum contains Brunner's glands which produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate. These secretions, in combination with bicarbonate from the pancreas, neutralize the stomach acids contained in the chyme. Jejunum: This is the midsection of the small intestine, connecting the duodenum to the ileum. It is about 2.5 m (8.2 ft) long and contains the circular folds also known as plicae circulares and villi that increase its surface area. Products of digestion (sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream here. ileum: The final section of the small intestine. an ileum is about 3 m long contains villi similar to the jejunum. the ileum absorbs mainly vitamin B12 & bile acids, as well as any other remaining nutrients. The large intestine, also called the colon, forms an arch starting at the cecum and ending at the rectum and anal canal. It also includes the appendix, which is attached to the cecum. Its length is about 1.5 m, and the area of the mucosa in an adult human is about 2 m2 (22 sq ft). Its main function is to absorb water and salts. The colon is further divided into: Cecum (first portion of the colon) and appendix Ascending colon (ascending in the back wall of the abdomen) Right colic flexure (flexed portion of the ascending and transverse colon apparent to the liver) Transverse colon (passing below the diaphragm) Left colic flexure (flexed portion of the transverse and descending colon apparent to the spleen) Descending colon (descending down the left side of the abdomen) Sigmoid colon (a loop of the colon closest to the rectum) Rectum anal canal. Large irregular brown deficate is a sign of  carbon deficiency in the gut / supplement with charcoal smoothies charcoal is 80%  Carbon // Minerals play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy digestive system and supporting overall gut health. They are essential for nutrient absorption, digestion, and the proper functioning of the gut microbiome. Minerals, like magnesium, are important for muscle and nerve function, including those in the intestines, and help keep the gut lining healthy. How Minerals Support Gut Health: Nutrient Absorption: Minerals help the body absorb other nutrients, such as vitamins and amino acids, in the small intestine. Digestive Enzymes: Many minerals act as cofactors for digestive enzymes, which are vital for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients. Gut Microbiome: Certain minerals, like calcium, iron, zinc, and magnesium, can influence the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome. Gut Lining: Minerals, especially magnesium, contribute to the health and integrity of the intestinal lining. Muscle Function: Magnesium is particularly important for smooth muscle function in the intestines, aiding in proper digestion and preventing constipation. Inflammation: Minerals can help keep inflammation in the gut under control, promoting overall gut health. Key Minerals and Their Roles: Magnesium: Essential for muscle and nerve function, including those in the intestines, and helps maintain a healthy gut lining. Zinc: Important for immune function and plays a role in the health of the intestinal lining. Calcium: influences gut microbiome composition and can be absorbed more effectively with sufficient levels of other nutrients like vitamin D. Iron: Important for overall blood health and can impact gut microbiome composition. Phosphorus: Contributes to the absorption of other nutrients and can influence gut microbiome diversity. Factors Affecting Mineral Absorption: Phytic Acid: Found in grains and legumes, phytic acid can bind to minerals and reduce their absorption. Kosher supplements : A balanced diet rich in diatary supplements various minerals can provide a good source of essential minerals. Gut Health: A healthy gut microbiome can positively influence mineral absorption. Intestinal cells reproduce frequently, with the lining of the intestine renewing itself entirely approximately every 3-5 days. This rapid turnover is crucial for maintaining the health and function of the intestines, as the lining is constantly exposed to wear and tear from digestion and absorption. Blood from the intestines flows to the liver via the portal vein, and then from the liver to the heart. Specifically, it travels from the intestines to the liver through the portal vein, and then from the liver to the heart through the hepatic veins and the inferior vena cava . Why is goat poop so small? Their stomachs (especially in ruminants like goats and sheep) ferment food, which leads to the formation of smaller, more compact fecal matter. Water Absorption: As food passes through their digestive tract, water is absorbed better than in most humans , which contributes to the formation of dry, pellet-like feces so be as a goat have an efficient digestive system in nomine Patris et FiLii et Spiritus Sancti peace be still
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Zbqo_hrwXc
The intestine - The body’s underappreciated control center and gut health | DW Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-aJWo9RCz0
Mucosa | Gastrointestinal Tract Histology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0XVr2Tla-c
Small Intestine Anatomy (Parts, Topography, Structures, Layers)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPS6g0arS0w
Large Intestine Anatomy (Parts, Topography, Layers)