Healthy dark Feces Feces (also known as faex), are the solid or semi-solid remains of food that was not digested in the small intestine, and has been broken down by bacteria in the large intestine. Feces contain a relatively small amount of metabolic waste products such as bacterially-altered bilirubin and dead epithelial cells from the lining of the gut. Feces are discharged through the anus or cloaca during defecation. Feces can be used as fertilizer or soil conditioner in agriculture. They can also be burned as fuel or dried and used for construction. Some medicinal uses have been found. In the case of human feces, fecal transplants or fecal bacteriotherapy are in use. Urine and feces together are called excreta. Feces should not be runny huge , white nor light in complexion but rather black and small Human feces, or stool, is roughly 75% water and 25% solid waste, including undigested food, bacteria, and other substances. This includes plant fibers (like cellulose) that the body can't digest. A significant portion of the solid matter consists of dead bacteria, both living and dead. Inorganic substances: These include things like calcium and iron phosphate. Fats and cholesterol: A portion of the solid matter is made up of fats and cholesterol. Protein: A small amount of protein is also present. Cell debris: Shed from the mucous membrane of the intestinal tract Bile pigments (bilirubin) Dead leukocytes (white blood cells) Microbes: Bacteria, viruses, archaea / Fresh feces contains around 75% water and the remaining solid fraction is 84–93% organic solids along with some insoluble phosphate salts. These organic solids consist of: 25–54% bacterial biomass, 2–25% protein or nitrogenous matter, 25% carbohydrate or undigested plant matter, and 2–15% fat. Bilirubin Metabolism is the reason why poop is brown , you should always be drinking charcoal smoothies making your poop dark light poop is not good May the Holy Roman Catholic Church be blessed by God the Father God the Son & God the Holy Spirit Hallelujah Hallelujah Blessed be the word of the Lord for Christ is risen Hallelujah Hallelujah peace be still in Nomine Patris et FiLii et Spiritus Sancti amen
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TK0JGsbhhuk
Bilirubin Metabolism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3svcvmunYn4
What your poop can tell you about your health - Hannibal Person
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nz5ghFgfMw4
⚠️ DOCTOR WARNS! THIS Is The WORST Type of POOP! (Never Ignore This)
Heart rate is the frequency of the heartbeat measured by the number of contractions of the heart per minute (beats per minute, or bpm). The heart rate varies according to the body's physical needs, including the need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide. It is also modulated by numerous factors, including (but not limited to) genetics, physical fitness, stress or psychological status, diet, drugs, hormonal status, environment, and disease/illness, as well as the interaction between these factors. It is usually equal or close to the pulse rate measured at any peripheral point. The American Heart Association states the normal resting adult human heart rate is 60–100 bpm. An ultra-trained athlete would have a resting heart rate of 37–38 bpm. Tachycardia is a high heart rate, defined as above 100 bpm at rest. Bradycardia is a low heart rate, defined as below 60 bpm at rest. When a human sleeps, a heartbeat with rates around 40–50 bpm is common and considered normal. When the heart is not beating in a regular pattern, this is referred to as an arrhythmia. Abnormalities of heart rate sometimes indicate disease May the Holy Roman Catholic Church be blessed by God the Father God the Son & God the Holy Spirit Hallelujah Hallelujah Blessed be the word of the Lord for Christ is risen Hallelujah Hallelujah peace be still in Nomine Patris et FiLii et Spiritus Sancti amen
Hemarina M101 molecule is a universal oxygen carrier derived from the extracellular hemoglobin of the marine lugworm (Arenicola marina), developed by the French biopharmaceutical company Hemarina. This molecule is the active ingredient in several medical and scientific products designed to deliver oxygen to tissues & cells in various applications. HEMDental-Care® - Hemarina Key Properties and Advantages High Oxygen Affinity: The M101 molecule can bind up to 156 oxygen molecules, compared to four for human hemoglobin in red blood cells. Universal Use: As an extracellular, high-molecular-weight hemoglobin, it is not encapsulated in red blood cells, which eliminates the need for blood typing and avoids the common side effects (like vasoconstriction and hypertension) associated with earlier hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Physiological Oxygen Release: It releases oxygen only to hypoxic (oxygen-deprived) tissue, responding to a physiological gradient, which avoid the risk of hyperoxia and oxidative stress. Stability: It is functional and stable over a wide temperature range, from 4°C to 37°C. Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Property: Studies have shown that M101 may have beneficial anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties, as well as the ability to reduce ischemia-reperfusion injuries. Medical Applications Hemarina has developed several products using the M101 platform for various medical needs: HEMO2life®: An additive to organ preservation solutions used in transplant procedures to maintain the oxygenation of grafts (e.g. kidneys, livers) during transport & storage, thereby improving graft quality & survival. HEMOXYCarrier®: A therapeutic oxygen carrier intended for intravenous injection in situations requiring blood substitutes or increased tissue oxygenation. HEMHealing®: An oxygenating hydrogel (dressing) in a ready-to-use syringe for topical application to chronic wounds to promote the healing process. HEMDental-Care®: An oxygenating gel for dental applications, specifically for treating periodontitis by decreasing hypoxia and improving tissue healing. The technology's potential has also been explored for treating respiratory distress (such as in severe COVID-19 cases) and in research for emergency situations requiring blood. The marine lugworm (Arenicola marina) has better blood than humans the M101 molecule can bind up to 156 oxygen molecules, compared to four for human hemoglobin in red blood cells so we need gene therapy in humans to transfer the marine lugworm (Arenicola marina) blood gene into human genes so that human blood cells bind up to 156 oxygen molecules, compared to four May the Holy Roman Catholic Church be blessed by God the Father God the Son & God the Holy Spirit Hallelujah Hallelujah Blessed be the word of the Lord for Christ is risen Hallelujah Hallelujah peace be still in Nomine Patris et FiLii et Spiritus Sancti amen
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzQca_D72vE
Is Synthetic Blood A Viable Alternative?
Heme Fe Protoporphyrin iX Heme Iron ,The chemical formula for heme is C34H32FeN4O4. Heme is an iron-containing molecule that combines with globin to form hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. There are four heme groups in each hemoglobin molecule. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Heme is made up of ferrous iron & protoporphyrin IX (PPIX). It's a vital cofactor for many key proteins, such as cytochrome p450, peroxidases & catalases the first demonstration of iron in blood was by Lemery and Geoffroy in 1713 However it was not until 1925 that the existence of non hemoglobin iron was documented by Fontes and Thivolle , iron deficiency anemia was discovered in 1852 by Karl Vierordt , 250 g of steak = 6mg of heme iron, iron is stored in the liver as ferritin. Every second, 2-3 million Red Blood Cells are produced in the bone marrow & released into the circulation. Also known as (erythrocytes red blood cells that in humans is typically a biconcave disc without a nucleus. Erythrocytes contain the pigment hemoglobin, which imparts the red color to blood, & transport oxygen & carbon dioxide to & from tissues) Red Blood Cells are the most common type of cell found in the blood, with each cubic millimeter of blood containing 4-6 million cells. Erythrocytes live for 120 days. Red blood cells lifespan is 4 months, approximately 25 trillion red blood cells circulate in the bloodstream of an adult individual, 2 million red blood cells are produced each second, hematopoietic multipotent stem cells (hemocytoblasts) in the bone marrow make red & white blood cells.The heart beats 39 million times a year. pumping blood through out the body . Multipotent stem cells in the bone marrow make up 0.007 percent of the total cells in the bone marrow. The kidney in 24 h filters 1800 Liters of blood every 2 minutes 1.2 liters are filtered in the kidney 180 liters is filtered out through urinate 1.5 liters. Blood ph is at 7.35 to 7.4 . During aging hematopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts) loose their ability to regenerate. When blood returns to the brain after a stroke leukocytes attach to blood vessels & cause damage, without stem cells there is no immune system, iron is absorbed in the deudenum & proximal jejunumin in the presence of the low ph acid in the gastric proximal duodenum. An enzyme called ferrireductase cytochrome b on the duodenal enterocytes converts insoluble iron to absorbable ferrous iron. Two type of iron ferrous haem from meat easily absorbed 15-35% & Non haem ferric insoluble iron which comes from plants not easily absorbed. Each erythrocyte red blood cell contains approximately 270 million hemoglobin molecules each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen atoms; each red blood cell can carry 1 billion oxygen molecules , there are 1 billion eighty million iron atoms in each red bood cell There are four iron atoms in each molecule of hemoglobin, which accordingly bind four molecules of oxygen. A heme molecule, specifically the iron atom within it, can bind one molecule of oxygen. Since each hemoglobin molecule contains four heme groups, it can carry a total of four oxygen molecules. Hemoglobin is made of protoporphyrin & iron which is heme & globin. There are over 5 trillion iron atoms in 1 g of iron hemoglobin carry o2 from lungs & co2 from peripheral tissue to lungs. There are 1.2 billion Oxygen molecules in each red blood cell. The yolk sac is the site of red blood synthesis from 15 days after fertilization to 6 weeks then the liver is the site of red blood cell synthesis from 6 weeks until 30 weeks after prenatal life the bone marrow is the site of red blood cell synthesis 30 weeks onwards. There is iron in myoglobin cytochromes catalase & Peroxidase iron plays a role in dna synthesis & the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain of the mitochondria depends on iron as an electron acceptor/donor at multiple steps of electron transport chain. Cytochrome c, Cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1), and Succinate Dehydrogenase are all iron-dependent enzymes. There are 5 litters of blood in the body 40% erythrocytes red blood cells full of iron the rest 60% is leukocytes (b&t cells) & platelets ,supplement with iron pills. Iron metabolism is finely regulated. Males contain about 4,000 mg of iron, of which 2,500 mg is within erythrocytes; 1,000 mg is stored in splenic and hepatic macrophages, and the rest is distributed in various proteins such as myoglobin, cytochromes or other ferroproteins. The mitochondrion requires sufficient amounts of iron to maintain its normal physiologic function, since iron is the most prevalent metal inside the mitochondrial matrix iron serves to facilitate the complex redox chemistry of the electron transport chain .The reference range for albumin testing is as follows: The normal range is 3.5 to 5.5 g/dL or 35-55 g/liter. This range may vary slightly in different laboratories. Albumin composes 50%-60% of blood plasma proteins. it is important to supplement with Albumin seeing that it comprises 60% blood volume . Albumin is protein in your blood plasma. Low albumin levels might be the result of kidney disease, liver disease, inflammation or infections. Albumin helps move many small molecules through the blood, including bilirubin, calcium, progesterone, and some medicines. It plays an important role in keeping the fluid in the blood from leaking into the tissues. Medicinal albumin is made of plasma proteins from human blood. This medicine works by increasing plasma volume or levels of albumin in the blood. Albumin is used to replace blood volume loss resulting from trauma such as a severe burns or an injury that causes blood loss. Most blood cells are made in your bone marrow. This process is called haemopoiesis. In children, haemopoiesis takes place in the long bones, like the thighbone (femur). In adults, it's mostly in the spine (vertebrae) and hips, ribs, skull and breastbone (sternum). 8 out of 10 cells in the body are red blood cells , normal erythrocyte count is 50% 17 grams per decilitre; there are 100 000 miles of blood vessels in the human body there are 45 miles of nerves on human skin, the surface area of lungs can cover half a tennis court , the aorta is the same diameter as a garden hose blood travelling through the aorta does so at 1mile an hour the bone marrow creates 100 million platelets everyday; The most abundant cell in human body is Erythrocytes (red blood cells) : 4.5 - 5.5 millions per mL. Platelets are 1,40,000 - 4,00,000 per mL. White blood cells are 5,000 - 10,000 per mL. Neutrophils, lymphocytes and basophils are all included in this number. Approximately 84% of the cells in the human body are the 20–30 trillion red blood cells. Nearly half of the blood's volume (40% to 45%) is red blood cells. Red blood cells (RBCs) are by far the most abundant type of cell in the human body, accounting for over 80 percent of all cells. Adult humans have somewhere around 25 trillion RBCs in their body, on average. Albumin is the most abundant circulating protein found in plasma. It represents half of the plasma's total protein content (3.5 g/dL to 5 g/dL) in healthy human patients. Liver hepatocytes synthesize albumin and rapidly excrete it into the bloodstream at about 10g to 15g per day. The heme molecule in hemoglobin is made of carbon // a red blood cell is 7 Microns wide 2.5 microns high and 1 Micron high in the middle concave section Red Blood cells , blood pressure video to prevent atherosclerosis take collagen iron & mineral supplements. Vitamin B5 C₉H₁₇NO₅ is involved in the biochemical synthesis of hemoglobin by contributing to the production of its heme component, a vital part of the oxygen-carrying protein. While direct B5 deficiency is more common in modern day, in some cases of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS), a genetic mutation can reduce the enzyme that processes vitamin B5, leading to lower hemoglobin and red blood cell production, a condition currently being investigated for B5 supplementation treatment. Vitamin B5 C₉H₁₇NO₅ Role in Hemoglobin Production Heme Synthesis: Vitamin B5 play a part in the creation of heme, the iron-containing molecule in hemoglobin that is responsible for binding and transporting oxygen throughout the body. Coenzyme A: As a precursor to coenzyme A (CoA), vitamin B5 participate in various metabolic pathways, including the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, which are all integral to cell structure and function, including red blood cell formation. Vitamin B5 and Anemia Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS): Research suggest that vitamin B5 could potentially help with anemia in certain MDS patients who have a specific SF3B1 mutation. Mechanism: This mutation reduce an enzyme necessary for processing vitamin B5. By increasing vitamin B5 level, it's theorized that the remaining functional enzyme could be saturated, thereby boosting the production of red blood cells and hemoglobin in these patients. Where to Find Vitamin B5 Dietary Sources: Vitamin B5 is found in supplements, as it is present in all living cells. The human body replaces approximately 330 billion cells every day, with the rate being higher in younger individuals and slowing down with age. Most of these new cells are blood cells & cells that line the intestines. Daily production: The body creates around 3.8 million new cells every second to replace old ones, which adds up to about 330 billion cells each day. Most numerous cells: The majority of the new cells are red blood cells and those lining the gut, though other cell types are also replaced at different rate. Age-related changes: The rate of cell production slows down as people age so it is important to supplement with gravel gastroliths & other trace minerals as Lanthanide for strong bones and good red blood cell production, gravel gastroliths repleish bone consequently stimulating new stem cells and blood so supplement with gravel gastroliths which consist 75% Silica 15% Aluminum 2% iron 2% Potassium 1% Sodium & 1% Calcium. Erythrocytes are primarily composed of hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein that carries oxygen & are enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer membrane supported by a cytoskeleton of proteins like spectrin & actin. Mature red blood cells lack a nucleus & other organelles, maximizing space for hemoglobin & providing flexibility to navigate narrow capillaries. Cellular components Hemoglobin: This is the most abundant molecule, responsible for oxygen transport & the red color of blood. Each red blood cell contains millions of hemoglobin molecules, which are themselves made of four protein (globin) chains, each with a heme group containing an iron ion. Cell Membrane: A flexible, yet stable, lipid bilayer that gives the cell its biconcave shape. It is composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Cytoskeleton: A network of proteins beneath the membrane, including spectrin, actin, band 3, and ankyrin, that provide structural support & allow the cell to deform without breaking. Water: The cytoplasm of the cell is primarily water, which serves as the medium for the hemoglobin & other components. Enzymes: A variety of enzymes are present, such as carbonic anhydrase, which is crucial for the transport of carbon dioxide. What's absent Nucleus: Mature red blood cells eject their nucleus during development to create more room for hemoglobin. Mitochondria: The absence of mitochondria ensures that the cell's oxygen is used for transport to other tissues, rather than being consumed for the cell's own energy needs. Ribosomes: The absence of ribosomes means red blood cells cannot synthesize new proteins
In healthy adults, antibodies (medically termed immunoglobulins or Igs) make up approximately 20% of all the protein circulating in your blood plasma. If you look at the total protein content of your blood, it is broadly divided into albumin (roughly 60%) and globulins (roughly 40%). Because antibodies belong to the gamma-globulin class of protein, they comprise about half of that total globulin pool.
The Big Five: Percentage Breakdown by Antibody Type Not all antibodies in the blood are the same. Your immune system deploy five distinct classes (isotype) of immunoglobulins, each with a highly specialized structural shape & deployment role. Their relative percentage in normal human blood serum break down as follows:
1. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) — 75% to 80% Structure: Monmer (a single Y-shape) Role: This is the absolute workhorse of your systemic immune system. Because it is the most abundant & smallest antibody, it circulate freely throughout your blood & interstitial fluid, escaping blood vessels easily to tackle tissue infection. It provide long-term immunity after an infection or vaccination & is the only antibody capable of crossing the human placenta to protect a developing fetus.
2. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) — 10% to 15% Structure: Dimer (two Y-shape linked together) when in secretion; monomer in blood. Role: While IgA represent only about 15% of the antibodies inside your blood vessels, it is actually the most abundantly produced antibody in the entire body overall. This is because it is heavily concentrated in your mucous membranes, saliva, tears & digestive tract, acting as a primary structural frontline defense to neutralize pathogen before they can breach your internal organs.
3. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) — 5% to 10% Structure: Pentamer (five Y-shape bound in a massive starburst wheel) Role: IgM is the "first responder" of the immune system. When your body encounter a brand-new pathogen, B-cells pump out IgM before any other antibody class. Because of its massive, five-pointed structural size, it stay locked almost entirely within the bloodstream and excel at physically clumping pathogen together (agglutination) so immune cells can easily destroy them.
4. Immunoglobulin D (IgD) — 0.2% Structure: Monomer Role: IgD exist in trace, miniscule percentage in the blood. Instead of circulating to fight infection actively, it anchor itself directly to the surface of immature B-lymphocytes, operating as a membrane receptor that signal those cells when it is time to mature and activate.
5. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) — 0.01% Structure: Monomer Role: IgE is the rarest antibody in healthy blood, present in barely detectable trace amount. It is specifically created by God to bind to mast cells & basophils, triggering the violent release of histamine to destroy large parasites (like worms). In modern developed nations, it is famously known for accidentally driving allergic reaction, anaphylaxis & asthma when overreact to harmless protein like pollen or peanut. Total Reference Quantity When a doctor run a Serum Immunoglobulin Test to check if your immune system is functioning correctly, they look for total absolute weight within a deciliter (dL) of blood rather than just percentage. A standard, healthy reference panel typically look like this:
Antibody Class | Normal Adult Reference Range | Primary Clinical Target
Total IgG 600 to 1600 mg/dL | Long-term viral / bacteria defense
Total IgA 70 to 400 mg/dL | Mucosal barrier protection
Total IgM 40 to 230 mg/dL | Immediate, acute infection response Total IgD 0.5 to 3 mg/dL | B-cell surface activation receptor
Total IgE 0 to 90 IU/mL Extremely Trace | Parasite clearance & allergic cascades
What Shifts This Percentage? These baseline percentage is highly dynamic. If you are actively fighting off a fresh viral infection, your IgM percentage will spike temporarily. If you are dealing with chronic, long-term inflammation or recovering from an old illness, your liver & plasma cells will shift production heavily toward IgG. Conversely, a severe dip below this percentage (hypogammaglobulinemia) leave the body highly vulnerable to recurrent, opportunistic infection .
The synthesis, secretion & structural deployment of antibodies (immunoglobulins like IgG, IgA & IgM) by B-lymphocytes & plasma cells is highly resource-intensive biochemical process.
For a B-cell to successfully differentiate into a plasma cell & clone millions of highly specific immunoglobulins, it require a steady supply of structural cofactors, transcription catalysts, and enzymatic stabilizers.
Several essential dietary & trace minerals directly modulate the transcription of immunoglobulin genes, the assembly of heavy & light amino acid chains overall antibody titers.
1. Zinc Zn2 — The Primary B-Cell Gatekeeper Zinc is the most critical mineral for antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity. Because B-lymphocytes are highly sensitive to zinc homeostasis, even a marginal deficiency rapidly causes thymic atrophy a dramatic drop in circulating immunoglobulins. The Mechanism: Zinc is a mandatory structural cofactor for DNA & RNA polymerase required during clonal expansion—the phase where a B-cell rapidly divide after encountering a pathogen to produce a massive wave of antibodies. The Immunoglobulin Impact: Zinc directly influence Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF- kappaB) & Zinc Finger Protein transcription factors that turn on the specific genetic codes for heavy and light chains in immunoglobulins. A clinical deficiency specifically blunt the transition of IgM (early response) to IgG (long-term memory) during a primary infection or vaccine response.
2. Magnesium Mg2 — The Synthesis Engine Magnesium is the foundational kinetic fuel source behind the physical assembly of the antibody protein structure. The Mechanism: Immunoglobulins are large, complex proteins constructed from hundreds of amino acids bound by disulfide bonds. Every single step of translation—binding an amino acid to tRNA, moving it along the ribosome & synthesizing the peptide chain—require adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP must be bound to magnesium (Mg2 + ATP ) to be biologically active. The Immunoglobulin Impact: Magnesium act as a direct co-factor for immunoglobulin synthesis & regulates IgM lymphocyte binding & T-to-B cell adherence. Without optimal intracellular magnesium, plasma cells cannot maintain the high-velocity protein translation required to pump out antibodies at a typical rate of up to 2,000 molecules per second.
3. Selenium Se2 Se4 — The Secretory Protector Selenium doesn’t just boost the production of antibodies; it act as a structural shield that protect the plasma cells while they are manufacturing them. The Mechanism: The extreme rate of protein synthesis inside an activated plasma cell generate an immense amount of local oxidative stress & reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the endoplasmic reticulum. Selenium is the core atom at the center of Selenoprotein , most notably Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx). The Immunoglobulin Impact: GPx neutralize free radicals before they can damage the delicate, newly folded immunoglobulin protein. Clinical study show that selenium supplementation significantly enhance antibody titers (especially IgG & IgM) following antigenic challenges by optimizing the survival & longevity of antibody-secreting plasma cells.
4. Iron Fe2 + Fe3 — The Clonal Proliferation Engine While iron is famously associated with red blood cells, its role in adaptive immunity & antibody production is absolute. The Mechanism: When the immune system detect an invader, B-cells must proliferate at a near-exponential rate. This rapid cell division require continuous, flawless replication of cellular DNA. Iron is the essential functional core of Ribonucleotide Reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for synthesizing the deoxyribonucleotides needed for DNA replication. The Immunoglobulin Impact: Iron deficiency directly halt B-lymphocyte maturation lead to impaired immunoglobulin secretion. Without adequate iron, B-cells stall in the synthesis phase of the cell cycle, blunting the overall amplitude of the secondary antibody response.
5. Copper Cu2 — The Energy & Lymphatic Regulator Copper work in close tandem with zinc & iron to maintain the structural infrastructure of the lymphatic tissue where antibodies are actually made. The Mechanism: Copper is a primary component of Ceruloplasmin (which regulate the iron traffic needed for B-cell division) & Cytochrome c Oxidase (the absolute terminal engine of mitochondrial ATP production). The Immunoglobulin Impact: The lymphatic germinal center—the physical boardroom inside lymph nodes where B-cells learn to refine & optimize their antibody specificity—require massive operational energy. Copper deficiency trigger structural atrophy of these peripheral lymphoid tissue, leading to a marked decrease in the production of secretory IgA (sIgA), the specialized antibody that protect the mucosal lining of the respiratory & digestive tract.
Summary of Mineral Role in Immunoglobulin Function
Mineral | Primary Biochemical Target | Specific Antibody / Immunoglobulin Outcome
Zinc DNA/RNA Polymerase & Zinc-Finger Transcription Control B-cell clonal expansion; drive the shift from IgM to IgG. Magnesium Mg2 + ATP complexation Fuel the ribonuclear translation of heavy & light immunoglobulin chain.
Selenium Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) activation Shield plasma cells from metabolic stress, sustaining high IgG/IgM output.
Iron Ribonucleotide Reductase (DNA Synthesis) Facilitates the rapid multiplication of B-cell clones to boost absolute titers.
Copper Cytochrome c Oxidase / Ceruloplasmin Energizes germinal centers; critical for maintaining mucosal Secretory IgA May the Holy Roman Catholic Church be healthy in the blood as to supplement remain blessed by God the Father God the Son & God the Holy Spirit Hallelujah Hallelujah Blessed be the word of the Lord for Christ is risen Hallelujah Hallelujah peace be still in Nomine Patris et FiLii et Spiritus Sancti amen
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab9OZsDECZw
How blood pressure works - Wilfred Manzano
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Vvj6i0Scb8&t=19s
Part 3: Haemoglobin - Structure, Synthesis, Types, and Function
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1MnCAksql4&t=427s
Pathophysiology 34_ Hematologic System 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuYLylFYlBA&t=866s
Part 4: Iron Physiology and its Clinical Relevance
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFa_i0k6pHI
How Your Body Makes Blood
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMqwV9Vb4_Y
Understanding Erythropoiesis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2B-vGHUJI9M
Why does 'young blood' slow ageing in old mice?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cCgBp8DAb8
This Is How Your Body Makes New Blood
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcnOXlr-9Ic
Hematology | Erythropoiesis: Red Blood Cell Formation: Part 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aIQ9Ex_nFUU
Hematology | Erythropoiesis: Lifespan & Destruction: Part 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZLuACVlG77U
Red Blood Cells | RBC | Erythrocytes | Erythropoiesis🩸
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wO4XgM51tgw
Anemia in Aging: Symptoms and Solutions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JWskwcMeOts
Bring Your Blood Pressure Down! - Medical Frontiers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBo7glVLsZs
Blood Business | How Poverty Fuels a Global Medical Market
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Qfmkd6C8u8
How bones make blood - Melody Smith
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hd9djXb1RE
High / Low Protein in Your Blood: What Does It Mean?
Hippocampus The hippocampus (pl.: hippocampi; via Latin from Greek ἱππόκαμπος, 'seahorse'), also hippocampus proper, is a major component of the brain of humans and many other vertebrates. In the human brain the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus, and the subiculum are components of the hippocampal formation located in the limbic system. The hippocampus plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, and in spatial memory that enables navigation. In humans, and other primates the hippocampus is located in the archicortex, one of the three regions of allocortex, in each hemisphere with direct neural projections to, and reciprocal indirect projections from the neocortex. The hippocampus, as the medial pallium, is a structure found in all vertebrates. In Alzheimer's disease (and other forms of dementia), the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage; short-term memory loss and disorientation are included among the early symptoms. Damage to the hippocampus can also result from oxygen starvation (hypoxia), encephalitis, or medial temporal lobe epilepsy. People with extensive, bilateral hippocampal damage may experience anterograde amnesia: the inability to form and retain new memories. Since different neuronal cell types are neatly organized into layers in the hippocampus, it has frequently been used as a model system for studying neurophysiology. The form of neural plasticity known as long-term potentiation (LTP) was initially discovered to occur in the hippocampus and has often been studied in this structure. LTP is widely believed to be one of the main neural mechanisms by which memories are stored in the brain. In rodents as model organisms, the hippocampus has been studied extensively as part of a brain system responsible for spatial memory and navigation. Many neurons in the rat and mouse hippocampi respond as place cells: that is, they fire bursts of action potentials when the animal passes through a specific part of its environment. Hippocampal place cells interact extensively with head direction cells, whose activity acts as an inertial compass, and conjecturally with grid cells in the neighboring entorhinal cortex. men store most their memory in the hippocampus whereas women store memory in the emotional amygdala May the Holy Roman Catholic Church be blessed by God the Father God the Son & God the Holy Spirit Hallelujah Hallelujah Blessed be the word of the Lord for Christ is risen Hallelujah Hallelujah peace be still in Nomine Patris et FiLii et Spiritus Sancti amen
Histone Octamer in biology, histones are highly basic proteins abundant in Lysine C6H14N2O2 & Arginine C6H14N4O2 residues that are found in eukaryotic cell nuclei and in most Archaea phyla. Histones have globular central domains with lysine- and arginine-rich C and N termini these termini make extensive contact with the nucleosomal DNA Lysine is an essential amino acid needed in the human diet Arginine is considered to be a conditionally essential amino acid Lysine and arginine are abundant amino acids in histones, histones are proteins that help organize DNA in cells. Lysine & Arginine amino acids give histones a positive charge that helps histones bind to DNA's negative charge. Histone lysine & arginine residues can be modified by acetylation, citrullination, methylation, ubiquitination & sumoylation these modifications are a major epigenetic mechanism for controlling gene expression. Enzymes that disrupt histones have been linked to a number of human diseases, including cancer, heart disease & diabetes - Histones act as spools around which DNA winds to create structural units called nucleosomes. Nucleosomes in turn wrap into 30-nanometer fibers that form tightly packed chromatin. Histones prevent DNA from becoming tangled and protect it from DNA damage. In addition, histones play important roles in gene regulation and DNA replication. Without histones, unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long. For example, each human cell has about 1.8 meters of DNA if completely stretched out; however, when wound about histones, this length is reduced to about 9 micrometers (0.09 mm) of 30 nm diameter chromatin fibers. There are five families of histones, which are designated H1/H5 (linker histones), H2, H3, and H4 (core histones). The nucleosome core is formed of two H2A-H2B dimers and a H3-H4 tetramer. Histones are best known as major components of the nucleosome structure in eukaryotic cells, contributing to gene transcription regulation. They are characteristically classified into two groups: lysine (Lys) histones (H1, H2A, and H2B) and arginine (Arg) histones (H3 and H4). The tight wrapping of DNA around histones, is to a large degree, a result of electrostatic attraction between the positively charged histones & negatively charged phosphate backbone of DNA. Histones may be chemically modified through the action of enzymes to regulate gene transcription. The most common modifications are the methylation of arginine or lysine residues or the acetylation of lysine C6H14N2O2. Methylation can affect how other proteins such as transcription factors interact with the nucleosomes. Lysine acetylation eliminates a positive charge on lysine thereby weakening the electrostatic attraction between histone and DNA, resulting in partial unwinding of the DNA, making it more accessible for gene expression. histones make five type of interaction with DNA: Salt bridges and hydrogen bonds between side chains of basic amino acids (especially lysine C6H14N2O2 & arginine C6H14N4O2 ) & phosphate oxygen on DNA Histones are proteins abundant in lysine and arginine residues found in eukaryotic cell nuclei. Arginine, an amino acid, can be modified on histones, particularly by methylation. These modifications, called histone arginine methylation, are catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). Arginine methylation, along with other histone modifications, play a crucial role in regulating chromatin structure and gene expression. Histones are highly basic proteins that package and organize DNA within the nucleus. Histones are rich in lysine and arginine residues, which allow them to bind to the negatively charged DNA. Histones form nucleosomes, the basic structural units of chromatin, where DNA is wrapped around histone octamers. Arginine Methylation: Arginine residues on histone tails can be modified by methylation, a post-translational modification (PTM). This modification is catalyzed by PRMTs. There are three main types of arginine methylation: monomethylarginine (MMA), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA). Role of Histone Arginine Methylation: Arginine methylation is involved in regulating chromatin dynamics and gene expression. Arginine methylation can influence the binding of other proteins to histones, affecting chromatin structure and function. This modification can be associated with both active and repressed chromatin states, depending on the specific histone residue and methylation type. Arginine methylation can also be regulated dynamically through demethylation pathways involving enzymes like PAD4 and JMJD6. Significance of Histone Arginine Methylation: It is involved in various cellular processes, including DNA replication, repair, and transcription. Disturbances in histone arginine methylation have been linked to a variety of disease, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding the mechanisms of histone arginine methylation is crucial for understanding the regulation of gene expression and the development of disease May the Holy Roman Catholic Church be blessed by God the Father God the Son & God the Holy Spirit Hallelujah Hallelujah Blessed be the word of the Lord for Christ is risen Hallelujah Hallelujah peace be still in Nomine Patris et FiLii et Spiritus Sancti amen
The hypothalamus is a part of the brain that coordinate many bodily function, including: Hormone production: The hypothalamus releases hormones that control the thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive glands, as well as growth, fluid balance, and milk production. The hypothalamus regulates body temperature. The hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous system. The hypothalamus controls appetite and weight. The hypothalamus regulates the sleep-wake cycle. The hypothalamus controls sex drive. The hypothalamus influences emotions and behavior. The hypothalamus acts as the body's control center, keeping the body in a stable state called homeostasis. It does this by receiving signals from other parts of the brain and releasing hormones, or by directly influencing the autonomic nervous system.Ferroptosis is a new form of cell death that results from iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation in cells. It involves depletion in the antioxidant enzymes resulting in lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. The Hypothalamus controls growth reproduction & metabolism recently it has been discovered that the Hypothalamus controls ageing it makes a chemical called NF-KB this chemical speeds up ageing when NF-KB is eliminated mice live longer & healthier NF-κB, or nuclear factor kappa B, is a group of proteins that play a crucial role in cellular processes, particularly in the immune and inflammatory responses. These proteins act as transcription factors, meaning they regulate the expression of genes involved in these processes May the Holy Roman Catholic Church be blessed by God the Father God the Son & God the Holy Spirit Hallelujah Hallelujah Blessed be the word of the Lord for Christ is risen Hallelujah Hallelujah peace be still in Nomine Patris et FiLii et Spiritus Sancti amen
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03ttzl6llQ8
Researchers Reverse Aging in Mice With Stem Cells
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INk3AGy-QOc&t=10s
Can Science Stop Aging?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPzv0Ns7tJY
IINN Grand Rounds "Hypothalamic Control of Aging and Obesity" by Marianna Sadagurski, Ph D