HYPOTHALAMUS

Healthy dark Feces Feces (also known as faex), are the solid or semi-solid remains of food that was not digested in the small intestine, and has been broken down by bacteria in the large intestine. Feces contain a relatively small amount of metabolic waste products such as bacterially-altered bilirubin and dead epithelial cells from the lining of the gut. Feces are discharged through the anus or cloaca during defecation. Feces can be used as fertilizer or soil conditioner in agriculture. They can also be burned as fuel or dried and used for construction. Some medicinal uses have been found. In the case of human feces, fecal transplants or fecal bacteriotherapy are in use. Urine and feces together are called excreta. Feces should not be runny huge , white nor light in complexion but rather black and small Human feces, or stool, is roughly 75% water and 25% solid waste, including undigested food, bacteria, and other substances. This includes plant fibers (like cellulose) that the body can't digest. A significant portion of the solid matter consists of dead bacteria, both living and dead. Inorganic substances: These include things like calcium and iron phosphate. Fats and cholesterol: A portion of the solid matter is made up of fats and cholesterol. Protein: A small amount of protein is also present. Cell debris: Shed from the mucous membrane of the intestinal tract Bile pigments (bilirubin) Dead leukocytes (white blood cells) Microbes: Bacteria, viruses, archaea / Fresh feces contains around 75% water and the remaining solid fraction is 84–93% organic solids along with some insoluble phosphate salts. These organic solids consist of: 25–54% bacterial biomass, 2–25% protein or nitrogenous matter, 25% carbohydrate or undigested plant matter, and 2–15% fat. Bilirubin Metabolism is the reason why poop is brown
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TK0JGsbhhuk
Bilirubin Metabolism

Heme Fe Protoporphyrin iX Heme Iron ,The chemical formula for heme is C34H32FeN4O4. Heme is an iron-containing molecule that combines with globin to form hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. There are four heme groups in each hemoglobin molecule. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Heme is made up of ferrous iron & protoporphyrin IX (PPIX). It's a vital cofactor for many key proteins, such as cytochrome p450, peroxidases & catalases the first demonstration of iron in blood was by Lemery and Geoffroy in 1713 However it was not until 1925 that the existence of non hemoglobin iron was documented by Fontes and Thivolle , iron deficiency anemia was discovered in 1852 by Karl Vierordt , 250 g of steak = 6mg of heme iron, iron is stored in the liver as ferritin. Every second, 2-3 million Red Blood Cells are produced in the bone marrow & released into the circulation. Also known as (erythrocytes red blood cells that in humans is typically a biconcave disc without a nucleus. Erythrocytes contain the pigment hemoglobin, which imparts the red color to blood, & transport oxygen & carbon dioxide to & from tissues) Red Blood Cells are the most common type of cell found in the blood, with each cubic millimeter of blood containing 4-6 million cells. Erythrocytes live for 120 days. Red blood cells lifespan is 4 months, approximately 25 trillion red blood cells circulate in the bloodstream of an adult individual, 2 million red blood cells are produced each second, hematopoietic multipotent stem cells (hemocytoblasts) in the bone marrow make red & white blood cells.The heart beats 39 million times a year. pumping blood through out the body . Multipotent stem cells in the bone marrow make up 0.007 percent of the total cells in the bone marrow. The kidney in 24 h filters 1800 Liters of blood every 2 minutes 1.2 liters are filtered in the kidney 180 liters is filtered out through urinate 1.5 liters. Blood ph is at 7.35 to 7.4 . During aging hematopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts) loose their ability to regenerate. When blood returns to the brain after a stroke leukocytes attach to blood vessels & cause damage, without stem cells there is no immune system, iron is absorbed in the deudenum & proximal jejunumin in the presence of the low ph acid in the gastric proximal duodenum. An enzyme called ferrireductase cytochrome b on the duodenal enterocytes converts insoluble iron to absorbable ferrous iron. Two type of iron ferrous haem from meat easily absorbed 15-35% & Non haem ferric insoluble iron which comes from plants not easily absorbed. Each erythrocyte red blood cell contains approximately 270 million hemoglobin molecules each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen atoms; each red blood cell can carry 1 billion oxygen molecules , there are 1 billion eighty million iron atoms in each red bood cell There are four iron atoms in each molecule of hemoglobin, which accordingly bind four molecules of oxygen. A heme molecule, specifically the iron atom within it, can bind one molecule of oxygen. Since each hemoglobin molecule contains four heme groups, it can carry a total of four oxygen molecules.  Hemoglobin is made of protoporphyrin & iron which is heme & globin. There are over 5 trillion iron atoms in 1 g of iron hemoglobin carry o2 from lungs & co2 from peripheral tissue to lungs. There are 1.2 billion Oxygen molecules in each red blood cell. The yolk sac is the site of red blood synthesis from 15 days after fertilization to 6 weeks then the liver is the site of red blood cell synthesis from 6 weeks until 30 weeks after prenatal life the bone marrow is the site of red blood cell synthesis 30 weeks onwards. There is iron in myoglobin cytochromes catalase & Peroxidase iron plays a role in dna synthesis & the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain of the mitochondria depends on iron as an electron acceptor/donor at multiple steps of electron transport chain. Cytochrome c, Cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1), and Succinate Dehydrogenase are all iron-dependent enzymes. There are 5 litters of blood in the body 40% erythrocytes red blood cells full of iron the rest 60% is leukocytes (b&t cells) & platelets ,supplement with iron pills. Iron metabolism is finely regulated. Males contain about 4,000 mg of iron, of which 2,500 mg is within erythrocytes; 1,000 mg is stored in splenic and hepatic macrophages, and the rest is distributed in various proteins such as myoglobin, cytochromes or other ferroproteins. The mitochondrion requires sufficient amounts of iron to maintain its normal physiologic function, since iron is the most prevalent metal inside the mitochondrial matrix iron serves to facilitate the complex redox chemistry of the electron transport chain .The reference range for albumin testing is as follows: The normal range is 3.5 to 5.5 g/dL or 35-55 g/liter. This range may vary slightly in different laboratories. Albumin composes 50%-60% of blood plasma proteins.  it is important to supplement with Albumin seeing that  it comprises 60% blood volume . Albumin is protein in your blood plasma. Low albumin levels might be the result of kidney disease, liver disease, inflammation or infections.  Albumin helps move many small molecules through the blood, including bilirubin, calcium, progesterone, and some medicines. It plays an important role in keeping the fluid in the blood from leaking into the tissues. Medicinal albumin is made of plasma proteins from human blood. This medicine works by increasing plasma volume or levels of albumin in the blood. Albumin is used to replace blood volume loss resulting from trauma such as a severe burns or an injury that causes blood loss. Most blood cells are made in your bone marrow. This process is called haemopoiesis. In children, haemopoiesis takes place in the long bones, like the thighbone (femur). In adults, it's mostly in the spine (vertebrae) and hips, ribs, skull and breastbone (sternum). 8 out of 10 cells in the body are red blood cells , normal erythrocyte count is 50% 17 grams per decilitre; there are 100 000 miles of blood vessels in the human body there are 45 miles of nerves on human skin, the surface area of lungs can cover half a tennis court , the aorta is the same diameter as a garden hose blood travelling through the aorta does so at 1mile an hour the bone marrow creates 100 million platelets everyday; The most abundant cell in human body is Erythrocytes (red blood cells) : 4.5 - 5.5 millions per mL. Platelets are 1,40,000 - 4,00,000 per mL. White blood cells are 5,000 - 10,000 per mL. Neutrophils, lymphocytes and basophils are all included in this number. Approximately 84% of the cells in the human body are the 20–30 trillion red blood cells. Nearly half of the blood's volume (40% to 45%) is red blood cells. Red blood cells (RBCs) are by far the most abundant type of cell in the human body, accounting for over 80 percent of all cells. Adult humans have somewhere around 25 trillion RBCs in their body, on average. Albumin is the most abundant circulating protein found in plasma. It represents half of the plasma's total protein content (3.5 g/dL to 5 g/dL) in healthy human patients. Liver hepatocytes synthesize albumin and rapidly excrete it into the bloodstream at about 10g to 15g per day. The heme molecule in hemoglobin is made of carbon // a red blood cell is 7 Microns wide 2.5 microns high and 1 Micron high in the middle concave section  
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Vvj6i0Scb8&t=19s
Part 3: Haemoglobin - Structure, Synthesis, Types, and Function
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1MnCAksql4&t=427s
Pathophysiology 34_ Hematologic System 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuYLylFYlBA&t=866s
Part 4: Iron Physiology and its Clinical Relevance
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFa_i0k6pHI
How Your Body Makes Blood
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMqwV9Vb4_Y
Understanding Erythropoiesis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2B-vGHUJI9M
Why does 'young blood' slow ageing in old mice?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cCgBp8DAb8
This Is How Your Body Makes New Blood
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcnOXlr-9Ic
Hematology | Erythropoiesis: Red Blood Cell Formation: Part 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aIQ9Ex_nFUU
Hematology | Erythropoiesis: Lifespan & Destruction: Part 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZLuACVlG77U
Red Blood Cells | RBC | Erythrocytes | Erythropoiesis🩸
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wO4XgM51tgw
Anemia in Aging: Symptoms and Solutions

Hippocampus The hippocampus (pl.: hippocampi; via Latin from Greek ἱππόκαμπος, 'seahorse'), also hippocampus proper, is a major component of the brain of humans and many other vertebrates. In the human brain the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus, and the subiculum are components of the hippocampal formation located in the limbic system. The hippocampus plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, and in spatial memory that enables navigation. In humans, and other primates the hippocampus is located in the archicortex, one of the three regions of allocortex, in each hemisphere with direct neural projections to, and reciprocal indirect projections from the neocortex. The hippocampus, as the medial pallium, is a structure found in all vertebrates. In Alzheimer's disease (and other forms of dementia), the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage; short-term memory loss and disorientation are included among the early symptoms. Damage to the hippocampus can also result from oxygen starvation (hypoxia), encephalitis, or medial temporal lobe epilepsy. People with extensive, bilateral hippocampal damage may experience anterograde amnesia: the inability to form and retain new memories. Since different neuronal cell types are neatly organized into layers in the hippocampus, it has frequently been used as a model system for studying neurophysiology. The form of neural plasticity known as long-term potentiation (LTP) was initially discovered to occur in the hippocampus and has often been studied in this structure. LTP is widely believed to be one of the main neural mechanisms by which memories are stored in the brain. In rodents as model organisms, the hippocampus has been studied extensively as part of a brain system responsible for spatial memory and navigation. Many neurons in the rat and mouse hippocampi respond as place cells: that is, they fire bursts of action potentials when the animal passes through a specific part of its environment. Hippocampal place cells interact extensively with head direction cells, whose activity acts as an inertial compass, and conjecturally with grid cells in the neighboring entorhinal cortex. men store most their memory in the hippocampus whereas women store memory in the emotional amygdala 

Histone Octamer in biology, histones are highly basic proteins abundant in LYSINE C6H14N2O2 & ARGiNiNE C6H14N4O2 residues that are found in eukaryotic cell nuclei and in most Archaea phyla. Histones have globular central domains with lysine- and arginine-rich C and N termini these termini make extensive contact with the nucleosomal DNA Lysine is an essential amino acid needed in the human diet Arginine is considered to be a conditionally essential amino acid Lysine and arginine are abundant amino acids in histones, histones are proteins that help organize DNA in cells. Lysine & Arginine amino acids give histones a positive charge that helps histones bind to DNA's negative charge. Histone lysine & arginine residues can be modified by acetylation, citrullination, methylation, ubiquitination & sumoylation these modifications are a major epigenetic mechanism for controlling gene expression. Enzymes that disrupt histones have been linked to a number of human diseases, including cancer, heart disease & diabetes - Histones act as spools around which DNA winds to create structural units called nucleosomes. Nucleosomes in turn wrap into 30-nanometer fibers that form tightly packed chromatin. Histones prevent DNA from becoming tangled and protect it from DNA damage. In addition, histones play important roles in gene regulation and DNA replication. Without histones, unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long. For example, each human cell has about 1.8 meters of DNA if completely stretched out; however, when wound about histones, this length is reduced to about 9 micrometers (0.09 mm) of 30 nm diameter chromatin fibers. There are five families of histones, which are designated H1/H5 (linker histones), H2, H3, and H4 (core histones). The nucleosome core is formed of two H2A-H2B dimers and a H3-H4 tetramer. Histones are best known as major components of the nucleosome structure in eukaryotic cells, contributing to gene transcription regulation. They are characteristically classified into two groups: lysine (Lys) histones (H1, H2A, and H2B) and arginine (Arg) histones (H3 and H4). The tight wrapping of DNA around histones, is to a large degree, a result of electrostatic attraction between the positively charged histones & negatively charged phosphate backbone of DNA. Histones may be chemically modified through the action of enzymes to regulate gene transcription. The most common modifications are the methylation of arginine or lysine residues or the acetylation of lysine C6H14N2O2. Methylation can affect how other proteins such as transcription factors interact with the nucleosomes. Lysine acetylation eliminates a positive charge on lysine thereby weakening the electrostatic attraction between histone and DNA, resulting in partial unwinding of the DNA, making it more accessible for gene expression. histones make five type of interaction with DNA: Salt bridges and hydrogen bonds between side chains of basic amino acids (especially lysine C6H14N2O2 & arginine C6H14N4O2 ) & phosphate oxygen on DNA Histones are proteins abundant in lysine and arginine residues found in eukaryotic cell nuclei. Arginine, an amino acid, can be modified on histones, particularly by methylation. These modifications, called histone arginine methylation, are catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). Arginine methylation, along with other histone modifications, play a crucial role in regulating chromatin structure and gene expression. Histones are highly basic proteins that package and organize DNA within the nucleus. Histones are rich in lysine and arginine residues, which allow them to bind to the negatively charged DNA. Histones form nucleosomes, the basic structural units of chromatin, where DNA is wrapped around histone octamers. Arginine Methylation:  Arginine residues on histone tails can be modified by methylation, a post-translational modification (PTM). This modification is catalyzed by PRMTs. There are three main types of arginine methylation: monomethylarginine (MMA), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA). Role of Histone Arginine Methylation: Arginine methylation is involved in regulating chromatin dynamics and gene expression. Arginine methylation can influence the binding of other proteins to histones, affecting chromatin structure and function. This modification can be associated with both active and repressed chromatin states, depending on the specific histone residue and methylation type. Arginine methylation can also be regulated dynamically through demethylation pathways involving enzymes like PAD4 and JMJD6. Significance of Histone Arginine Methylation: It is involved in various cellular processes, including DNA replication, repair, and transcription. Disturbances in histone arginine methylation have been linked to a variety of disease, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding the mechanisms of histone arginine methylation is crucial for understanding the regulation of gene expression and the development of disease.

The hypothalamus is a part of the brain that coordinate many bodily function, including: Hormone production: The hypothalamus releases hormones that control the thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive glands, as well as growth, fluid balance, and milk production. The hypothalamus regulates body temperature. The hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous system. The hypothalamus controls appetite and weight. The hypothalamus regulates the sleep-wake cycle. The hypothalamus controls sex drive. The hypothalamus influences emotions and behavior. The hypothalamus acts as the body's control center, keeping the body in a stable state called homeostasis. It does this by receiving signals from other parts of the brain and releasing hormones, or by directly influencing the autonomic nervous system.Ferroptosis is a new form of cell death that results from iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation in cells. It involves depletion in the antioxidant enzymes resulting in lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. The Hypothalamus controls growth reproduction & metabolism recently it has been discovered that the Hypothalamus controls ageing it makes a  chemical called NF-KB this chemical speeds up ageing when NF-KB is eliminated mice live longer & healthier NF-κB, or nuclear factor kappa B, is a group of proteins that play a crucial role in cellular processes, particularly in the immune and inflammatory responses. These proteins act as transcription factors, meaning they regulate the expression of genes involved in these processes.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03ttzl6llQ8
Researchers Reverse Aging in Mice With Stem Cells
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INk3AGy-QOc&t=10s
Can Science Stop Aging?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPzv0Ns7tJY
IINN Grand Rounds "Hypothalamic Control of Aging and Obesity" by Marianna Sadagurski, Ph D