SKELETON

Skeleton a skeleton is the structural frame that supports the body of most animals. There are several types of skeletons, including the exoskeleton, which is a rigid outer shell that holds up an organism's shape; the endoskeleton, a rigid internal frame to which the organs and soft tissues attach; and the hydroskeleton, a flexible internal structure supported by the hydrostatic pressure of body fluids. Vertebrates are animals with an endoskeleton centered around an axial vertebral column, and their skeletons are typically composed of bones and cartilages. Invertebrates are other animals that lack a vertebral column, and their skeletons vary, including hard-shelled exoskeleton (arthropods and most molluscs), plated internal shells (e.g. cuttlebones in some cephalopods) or rods (e.g. ossicles in echinoderms), hydrostatically supported body cavities (most), and spicules (sponges). Cartilage is a rigid connective tissue that is found in the skeletal systems of vertebrates and invertebrates. The human skeleton, composed of 206 bones, a complex system of hard, calcified tissue (bone), supported by ligaments, tendons, muscles, and cartilage, providing structural support, organ protection & muscle attachment. Bones: The primary structural elements of the skeleton, providing rigidity and support. Cartilage: A flexible, connective tissue that cushions joints and provides support in areas like the ears and nose. Ligaments: Strong, fibrous tissue that connect bone to each other, stabilizing joints. Tendons: Tough, fibrous tissues that connect muscles to bones, allowing for movement.  Muscles: Tightly woven, stretchy fibers that contract and relax to move the skeleton. Bone Composition: Inorganic Phase: Primarily composed of hydroxyapatite, a calcium phosphate mineral, which make up about 60% of bone. Organic Phase: Includes collagen, a protein that provides flexibility and strength to bone, along with other bone matrix proteins, making up about 30% of bone. Water: Account for about 10% of bone, contributing to its overall structure and function. Type of Bone Tissue: Compact (Cortical) Bone: The dense, hard outer layer of bone, providing strength and rigidity. Cancellous (Spongy) Bone: The inner, less dense, lattice-like bone, which is surrounded by bone marrow.  Skeleton Division: Axial Skeleton: Includes the skull, vertebral column (backbone), and rib cage. Appendicular Skeleton: Includes the bones of the limbs (shoulders, arms, legs, hips, and feet). / bone marrow contains significant amounts of calories and fat, but it also has nutrients like vitamin B12 and other vitamins and minerals, according to WebMD. Bones are not static; they are living tissue that constantly renew and remodel throughout life. This process, called bone remodeling, involve the breakdown of old or damaged bone tissue by osteoclasts and the subsequent formation of new bone by osteoblasts. remodeling help maintain bone strength and integrity, and remodeling also play a role in regulating calcium and phosphorus level in the body. Here's a more detailed explanation:1. Bone Remodeling: The Renewal Process Bone Resorption: Osteoclasts, specialized cells, break down old or damaged bone tissue, releasing calcium and phosphorus into the bloodstream if your phosphorus and calcium level are high osteoblast are more active Bone Formation: Osteoblasts, another type of specialized cell, build new bone tissue, replacing the resorbed bone. Continuous Cycle: This process of resorption and formation is continuous ensure bone remain healthy and strong. 2. The Role of Bone Remodeling Maintaining Bone Structure: Bone remodeling help maintain the structural integrity of the skeletal system by removing damaged bone and replacing it with new, healthy bone. Calcium and Phosphorus Regulation: Bone remodeling play a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphorus level in the body by releasing these minerals into the bloodstream during bone resorption and incorporating them into new bone during bone formation. Repairing Damage: Bone remodeling is also involved in repairing bone damage, such as fractures. 3. Factors Affecting Bone Remodeling Age: Bone remodeling slows down as we age, and the amount of bone tissue removed outpace the amount of new bone formed, leading to potential bone loss osteoporosis , especially after the age of 40. Genetics: Genetic factors can influence bone remodeling rates and bone density. Nutrition: A diet rich in calcium cement Charcoal, Phosphorus, Nitrogen and vitamin D is essential for bone health and proper bone remodeling. Exercise: Regular weight-bearing exercise can help improve bone density and stimulate bone remodeling. Hormones: Hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, play a role in bone remodeling 4. Bone Remodeling in Different  Stages of life Childhood and Adolescence: During these stages, bone formation is more rapid than bone resorption, leading to significant increase in bone mass and density. Adulthood: Bone remodeling continues throughout adulthood, but the rate slows down. Later Life: After peak bone mass is reached, typically in the late 20s or early 30s, bone resorption tends to outpace bone formation, leading to a gradual loss of bone density the beginning of Osteoporosis. Portland cement is made up of several compounds, including: Tricalcium silicate (C3S): 3CaO · SiO2, which hydrates and hardens quickly Dicalcium silicate (C2S): 2CaO · SiO2, which hydrates and hardens slowly Tricalcium aluminate (C3A): 3CaO · Al2O3, which releases a lot of heat during hydration Tetra-calcium aluminoferrite (C4AF): 4CaO · Al2O3Fe2O3 Cement also contains: 62% Uncombined lime (CaO) (Na2O + K2O) 22% Silica (SiO2) 4% Calcium sulfate (CaSO4), also known as gypsum 3% Iron oxide (Fe2O3) 5% Alumina (Al2O3) 2% Magnesia (MgO) 1% Alkalies 1% Sulfur trioxide (SO3) all these minerals are surprisingly essential for the health cement is a source of minerals i once drank a whole bag of cement diluted in my water there isn't 1 poison in cement on Thursday April 1 2025 AD Anno Domini in the year of our LORD Jesus Christ for the second time in my life i bought 60kg cement of Canadian tire cost $20 cheaper than your average 2L Fanta i've been drinking cement & plan on finishing the whole 60kg God bless my bones i use to drink 24 Liters of Fanta a month i realize that is way too much fructose i was developing blurry vision so i've switched to drinking concrete for healthy bones i would like to flush out all the fructose out of my browning bones so my bones may be as tough as concrete full of minerals Humans are as Honey bees , which live in honey combs bees eat honey , humans live in concrete structures and humans can even eat concrete and survive longer than humans who don't eat concrete ,bees live in an environment bees eat ,humans also live in concrete which humans may ingest Methuselah the Patriarch of israel ate his gastrolith rock minerals Bone Composition: Inorganic Phase: Primarily composed of hydroxyapatite, a calcium phosphate mineral, which make up about 60% of bone. Organic Phase: Includes collagen, a protein that provides flexibility and strength to bone, along with other bone matrix proteins, making up about 30% of bone. Water: Account for about 10% of bone, contributing to its overall structure and function. Cement-based materials, like concrete, are highly alkaline with a pH typically ranging from 12 to 13. This alkalinity is due to the presence of calcium hydroxide (portlandite) and alkali metal compounds in the cement. This high pH is crucial for protecting embedded steel from corrosion. Cement raises body PH have yourself a smooth concrete drink The human skeleton typically makes up about 7-15% of total body weight, with an average around 14%. For a person weighing 70 kg (154 lbs), the bones would weigh roughly 9.8 kg (21.6 lbs) Maximum bone mass is usually reached between the age of 25 and 30 // 15% of your Christian diet should be aimed toward building bone
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MN-M4gsDX0
Bones for Kids | Learn about the Skeletal System for Kids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8zQel-jAUY
Skeletal anatomy introduction

Skeleton Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue. There are three types of muscle tissue in vertebrates: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Muscle tissue gives skeletal muscles the ability to contract. Muscle tissue contains special contractile proteins called actin and myosin which interact to cause movement. Among many other muscle proteins, present are two regulatory proteins, troponin and tropomyosin. Muscle is formed during embryonic development, in a process known as myogenesis. Skeletal muscle tissue is striated consisting of elongated, multinucleate muscle cells called muscle fibers, and is responsible for movements of the body. Other tissues in skeletal muscle include tendons and perimysium. Smooth and cardiac muscle contract involuntarily, without conscious intervention. These muscle types may be activated both through the interaction of the central nervous system as well as by innervation from peripheral plexus or endocrine (hormonal) activation. Skeletal muscle only contracts voluntarily, under the influence of the central nervous system. Reflexes are a form of non-conscious activation of skeletal muscles, but nonetheless arise through activation of the central nervous system, albeit not engaging cortical structures until after the contraction has occurred. The different muscle types vary in their response to neurotransmitters and hormones such as acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and nitric oxide which depends on muscle type and the exact location of the muscle. Sub-categorization of muscle tissue is also possible, depending on among other things the content of myoglobin, mitochondria, and myosin ATPase etc. muscle need high dose calcium so drink Portland cement
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0dU8HTRMiQ
Muscle Contraction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWVH3B-v8v0
Muscle Fiber Types
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKgbfxPTn_s
Musculoskeletal System | Muscle Structure and Function
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nrf_g5m8fVM
Musculoskeletal System | Sarcomere Structure: Actin & Myosin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbbVbwX0av8
How do Muscles Contract? Sliding Filament Theory | Corporis

Smooth muscle is one of the three major types of vertebrate muscle tissue, the others being skeletal and cardiac muscle. It can also be found in invertebrates and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. It is non-striated, so-called because it has no sarcomeres and therefore no striations (bands or stripes). It can be divided into two subgroups, single-unit and multi-unit smooth muscle. Within single-unit muscle, the whole bundle or sheet of smooth muscle cells contracts as a syncytium. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs, including the stomach, intestines, bladder and uterus. In the walls of blood vessels, and lymph vessels, (excluding blood and lymph capillaries) it is known as vascular smooth muscle. There is smooth muscle in the tracts of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems. In the eyes, the ciliary muscles, iris dilator muscle, and iris sphincter muscle are types of smooth muscles. The iris dilator and sphincter muscles are contained in the iris and contract in order to dilate or constrict the pupils. The ciliary muscles change the shape of the lens to focus on objects in accommodation. In the skin, smooth muscle cells such as those of the arrector pili cause hair to stand erect in response to cold temperature and fear.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2EeUy7xopdo&t=16s
Musculoskeletal System | Smooth Muscle

Spine The spinal column, also known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone, is the core part of the axial skeleton in vertebrates. The vertebral column is the defining and eponymous characteristic of the vertebrate. The spinal column is a segmented column of vertebrae that surrounds and protects the spinal cord. The vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs in a series of cartilaginous joints.[1] The dorsal portion of the spinal column houses the spinal canal, an elongated cavity formed by the alignment of the vertebral neural arches that encloses and protects the spinal cord, with spinal nerves exiting via the intervertebral foramina to innervate each body segment. There are around 50,000 species of animals that have a vertebral column.[2] The human spine is one of the most-studied examples, as the general structure of human vertebrae is fairly typical of that found in other mammals, reptiles, and birds. The shape of the vertebral body does, however, vary somewhat between different groups of living species individual vertebrae are named according to their corresponding region including the neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis or tail. In clinical medicine, features on vertebrae such as the spinous process can be used as surface landmarks to guide medical procedures such as lumbar punctures and spinal anesthesia. There are also many different spinal diseases in humans that can affect both the bony vertebrae and the intervertebral discs, with kyphosis, scoliosis, ankylosing spondylitis, and degenerative discs being recognizable examples. Spina bifida is the main birth defect if your spine is compromised & broken you'll probably die because the spine controls smooth involuntary muscle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnWFcOJBqRk
Cardiovascular | Blood Pressure Regulation | Hypertension

Spleen the spleen filters out stiff blood cells The spleen from Anglo-Norman espleen, ult. from Ancient Greek σπλήν, is an organ found in almost all vertebrates. Similar in structure to a large lymph node, it acts primarily as a blood filter. The native Old English word for it is milt, now primarily used for animals; a loanword from Latin is lien. The spleen plays very important roles in regard to red blood cells (erythrocytes) and the immune system. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood, which can be valuable in case of hemorrhagic shock, and also recycles iron. As a part of the mononuclear phagocyte system, it metabolizes hemoglobin removed from senescent red blood cells. The globin portion of hemoglobin is degraded to its constitutive amino acids, and the heme portion is metabolized to bilirubin, which is removed in the liver. The spleen houses antibody-producing lymphocytes in its white pulp and monocytes which remove antibody-coated bacteria and antibody-coated blood cells by way of blood and lymph node circulation. These monocytes, upon moving to injured tissue (such as the heart after myocardial infarction), turn into dendritic cells and macrophages while promoting tissue healing. The spleen is a center of activity of the mononuclear phagocyte system and is analogous to a large lymph node, as its absence causes a predisposition to certain infections. In humans, the spleen is purple in color and is in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. The surgical process to remove the spleen is known as a splenectomy.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgJhb13JbW0
The Spleen (Structures, Function, Topography, Coverings and Ligaments) - Anatomy

Stem cells Yes, stem cells change their DNA when they differentiate into normal cells, but they don't permanently lose genetic material. DNA arrangement in stem cells, DNA is loosely arranged and working genes are present. When stem cells receive signals, they differentiate into specialized cells, such as skin, muscle, or liver cells. During differentiation, genes that are no longer needed are turned off, while genes required for the new cell type are turned on. The genetic material in differentiated cells is complete, and can be used to clone an entire animal. Stem cells have a remarkable ability to repair DNA damage and prevent it from spreading to other cells. However, DNA damage can still occur over time. Stem cell therapies are being developed to treat a variety of medical conditions, including heart failure, spinal cord injuries, and diabetes. In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell. They are the earliest type of cell in a cell lineage. They are found in both embryonic and adult organisms, but they have slightly different properties in each. They are usually distinguished from progenitor cells, which cannot divide indefinitely, and precursor or blast cells, which are usually committed to differentiating into one cell type. In mammals, roughly 50 to 150 cells make up the inner cell mass during the blastocyst stage of embryonic development, around days 5–14. These have stem-cell capability. In vivo, they eventually differentiate into all of the body's cell types (making them pluripotent). This process starts with the differentiation into the three germ layers – the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm – at the gastrulation stage. However, when they are isolated and cultured in vitro, they can be kept in the stem-cell stage and are known as embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Adult stem cells are found in a few select locations in the body, known as niches, such as those in the bone marrow or gonads. They exist to replenish rapidly lost cell types and are multipotent or unipotent, meaning they only differentiate into a few cell types or one type of cell. In mammals, they include, among others, hematopoietic stem cells, which replenish blood and immune cells, basal cells, which maintain the skin epithelium, and mesenchymal stem cells, which maintain bone, cartilage, muscle and fat cells. Adult stem cells are a small minority of cells; they are vastly outnumbered by the progenitor cells and terminally differentiated cells that they differentiate into. Research into stem cells grew out of findings by Canadian biologists Ernest McCulloch, James Till and Andrew J. Becker at the University of Toronto and the Ontario Cancer Institute in the 1960s. As of 2016, the only established medical therapy using stem cells is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, first performed in 1958 by French oncologist Georges Mathé. Since 1998 however, it has been possible to culture and differentiate human embryonic stem cells (in stem-cell lines). The process of isolating these cells has been controversial, because it typically results in the destruction of the embryo. Sources for isolating ESCs have been restricted in some European countries and Canada, but others such as the UK and China have promoted the research. Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a cloning method that can be used to create a cloned embryo for the use of its embryonic stem cells in stem cell therapy. In 2006, a Japanese team led by Shinya Yamanaka discovered a method to convert mature body cells back into stem cells. These were termed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).

Synapse In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that allows a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or a target effector cell. Synapses can be classified as either chemical or electrical, depending on the mechanism of signal transmission between neurons. In the case of electrical synapses, neurons are coupled bidirectionally with each other through gap junctions and have a connected cytoplasmic milieu. These type of synapses are known to produce synchronous network activity in the brain, but can also result in complicated, chaotic network level dynamic. Therefore, signal directionality cannot always be defined across electrical synapses. Chemical synapses, on the other hand, communicate through neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft. Upon release, these neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, inducing an electrical or chemical response in the target neuron. This mechanism allows for more complex modulation of neuronal activity compared to electrical synapses, contributing significantly to the plasticity and adaptable nature of neural circuits. Synapses are essential for the transmission of neuronal impulses from one neuron to the next, playing a key role in enabling rapid and direct communication by creating circuits. In addition, a synapse serves as a junction where both the transmission and processing of information occur, making it a vital means of communication between neurons. At the synapse, the plasma membrane of the signal-passing neuron (the presynaptic neuron) comes into close apposition with the membrane of the target (postsynaptic) cell. Both the presynaptic and postsynaptic sites contain extensive arrays of molecular machinery that link the two membranes together and carry out the signaling process. In many synapses, the presynaptic part is located on the terminals of axons and the postsynaptic part is located on a dendrite or soma. Astrocytes also exchange information with the synaptic neurons, responding to synaptic activity and, in turn, regulating neurotransmission. Synapses (at least chemical synapses) are stabilized in position by Synaptic Adhesion Molecules (SAMs) projecting from both the pre- and post-synaptic neuron and sticking together where they overlap; SAMs may also assist in the generation and functioning of synapses. Moreover, SAMs coordinate the formation of synapses, with various type working together to achieve the remarkable specificity of synapses. In essence, SAMs function in both excitatory and inhibitory synapses, likely serving as the mediator for signal transmission. amongst the many supplements one needs for the brain is Sodium Potassium and Calcium for proper action potential neuron signaling
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQCze5jbC0g
Erik Jorgensen (U. Utah / HHMI) 1: Synaptic transmission
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vso9jgfpI_c
Neuroscience - Long-Term Potentiation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ApzwDu9q5o
Neuroscience - Intracellular Signaling
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XdCrZm_JAp0
Lights, Camera, Action Potentials!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fO5Xgnswl58
The Action Potential