felykotagbia.com - SKELETON

Skeleton a skeleton is the structural frame that supports the body of most animals. There are several types of skeletons, including the exoskeleton, which is a rigid outer shell that holds up an organism's shape; the endoskeleton, a rigid internal frame to which the organs and soft tissues attach; and the hydroskeleton, a flexible internal structure supported by the hydrostatic pressure of body fluids. Vertebrates are animals with an endoskeleton centered around an axial vertebral column, and their skeletons are typically composed of bones and cartilages. Invertebrates are other animals that lack a vertebral column, and their skeletons vary, including hard-shelled exoskeleton (arthropods and most molluscs), plated internal shells (e.g. cuttlebones in some cephalopods) or rods (e.g. ossicles in echinoderms), hydrostatically supported body cavities (most), and spicules (sponges). Cartilage is a rigid connective tissue that is found in the skeletal systems of vertebrates and invertebrates. The human skeleton, composed of 206 bones, a complex system of hard, calcified tissue (bone), supported by ligaments, tendons, muscles, and cartilage, providing structural support, organ protection & muscle attachment. Bones: The primary structural elements of the skeleton, providing rigidity and support. Cartilage: A flexible, connective tissue that cushions joints and provides support in areas like the ears and nose. Ligaments: Strong, fibrous tissue that connect bone to each other, stabilizing joints. Tendons: Tough, fibrous tissues that connect muscles to bones, allowing for movement. Muscles: Tightly woven, stretchy fibers that contract and relax to move the skeleton. Bone Composition: Inorganic Phase: Primarily composed of hydroxyapatite, a calcium phosphate mineral, which make up about 30% of bone silica & trace minerals make up another 30% (Bone mineral density the level of bone mineral composition of the femur diaphysis and the distal femur in red-boned (n = 3) and common (n = 3) Guishan goats (mg/kg). The minerals found in the goat bone are Phosphorus , Magnesium ,Sodium ,Sulphur ,Barium ,Potassium ,iron ,Copper ,Silicoln ,Zinc ,Manganese & Aluminun most people have less bone density than goats . Organic Phase: Bone are made of collagen, a protein that provides flexibility and strength to bone, along with other bone matrix protein making up about 30% of bone. Water: Account for about 10% of bone, contributing to its overall structure and function.

Type of Bone Tissue: Compact (Cortical) Bone: The dense, hard outer layer of bone, providing strength and rigidity. Cancellous (Spongy) Bone: The inner, less dense, lattice-like bone, which is surrounded by bone marrow. Skeleton Division: Axial Skeleton: Includes the skull, vertebral column (backbone), and rib cage. Appendicular Skeleton: Includes the bones of the limbs (shoulders, arms, legs, hips, and feet). / bone marrow contains significant amounts of calories and fat, but it also has nutrients like vitamin B12 and other vitamins and minerals, according to WebMD. Bones are not static; they are living tissue that constantly renew and remodel throughout life. This process, called bone remodeling, involve the breakdown of old or damaged bone tissue by osteoclasts and the subsequent formation of new bone by osteoblasts. remodeling help maintain bone strength and integrity, and remodeling also play a role in regulating calcium and phosphorus level in the body. Here's a more detailed explanation:1. Bone Remodeling: The Renewal Process Bone Resorption: Osteoclasts, specialized cells, break down old or damaged bone tissue, releasing calcium and phosphorus into the bloodstream if your phosphorus and calcium level are high osteoblast are more active Bone Formation: Osteoblasts, another type of specialized cell, build new bone tissue, replacing the resorbed bone. Continuous Cycle: This process of resorption and formation is continuous ensure bone remain healthy and strong. 2. The Role of Bone Remodeling Maintaining Bone Structure: Bone remodeling help maintain the structural integrity of the skeletal system by removing damaged bone and replacing it with new, healthy bone. Calcium and Phosphorus Regulation: Bone remodeling play a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphorus level in the body by releasing these minerals into the bloodstream during bone resorption and incorporating them into new bone during bone formation. Repairing Damage: Bone remodeling is also involved in repairing bone damage, such as fractures. 3. Factors Affecting Bone Remodeling Age: Bone remodeling slows down as we age, and the amount of bone tissue removed outpace the amount of new bone formed, leading to potential bone loss osteoporosis , especially after the age of 40. Genetics: Genetic factors can influence bone remodeling rates and bone density. Nutrition: A diet rich in calcium cement Charcoal, Phosphorus, Nitrogen and vitamin D is essential for bone health and proper bone remodeling. Exercise: Regular weight-bearing exercise can help improve bone density and stimulate bone remodeling. Hormones: Hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, play a role in bone remodeling 4. Bone Remodeling in Different Stages of life Childhood and Adolescence: During these stages, bone formation is more rapid than bone resorption, leading to significant increase in bone mass and density. Adulthood: Bone remodeling continues throughout adulthood, but the rate slows down. Later Life: After peak bone mass is reached, typically in the late 20s or early 30s, bone resorption tends to outpace bone formation, leading to a gradual loss of bone density the beginning of Osteoporosis. Portland cement is made up of several compounds, including: Tricalcium silicate (C3S): 3CaO · SiO2, which hydrates and hardens quickly Dicalcium silicate (C2S): 2CaO · SiO2, which hydrates and hardens slowly Tricalcium aluminate (C3A): 3CaO · Al2O3, which releases a lot of heat during hydration Tetra-calcium aluminoferrite (C4AF): 4CaO · Al2O3Fe2O3 Cement also contains: 62% Uncombined lime (CaO) (Na2O + K2O) 22% Silica (SiO2) 5% Alumina (Al2O3) 4% Calcium sulfate (CaSO4), also known as gypsum 3% Iron oxide (Fe2O3) 2% Magnesia (MgO) 1% Alkalies 1% Sulfur trioxide (SO3) all these minerals are surprisingly essential for the health cement is a source of minerals i once drank a whole bag of cement diluted in my water there isn't 1 poison in cement on Thursday April 1 2025 AD Anno Domini in the year of our LORD Jesus Christ for the second time in my life i bought 60kg cement of Canadian tire cost $20 cheaper than your average 2L Fanta i've been drinking cement & plan on finishing the whole 60kg God bless my bones i use to drink 24 Liters of Fanta a month i realize that is way too much fructose i was developing blurry vision so i've switched to drinking concrete for healthy bones i would like to flush out all the fructose out of my browning bones so my bones may be as tough as concrete full of minerals Humans are as Honey bees , which live in honey combs bees eat honey , humans live in concrete structures and humans can even eat concrete and survive longer than humans who don't eat concrete ,bees live in an environment bees eat ,humans also live in concrete which humans may ingest Methuselah the Patriarch of israel ate his gastrolith rock minerals Bone Composition: Inorganic Phase: Primarily composed of hydroxyapatite, a calcium phosphate mineral, which make up about 60% of bone. Organic Phase: Includes collagen, a protein that provides flexibility and strength to bone, along with other bone matrix proteins, making up about 30% of bone. Water: Account for about 10% of bone, contributing to its overall structure and function. Cement-based materials, like concrete, are highly alkaline with a pH typically ranging from 12 to 13. This alkalinity is due to the presence of calcium hydroxide (portlandite) and alkali metal compounds in the cement. This high pH is crucial for protecting embedded steel from corrosion. Cement raises body PH have yourself a smooth concrete drink The human skeleton typically makes up about 7-15% of total body weight, with an average around 14%. For a person weighing 70 kg (154 lbs), the bones would weigh roughly 9.8 kg (21.6 lbs) Maximum bone mass is usually reached between the age of 25 and 30 // 50% of your Christian diet should be gastroliths aimed toward building bone mineral density minerals are integral to the process of bone formation (osteoblasts) glucose is the primary energy source for osteoclasts and cause bone resorption too much glucose breaks down bone and cause osteoporosis Calmodulin (CaM) is a small, highly versatile protein found in all eukaryotic cells. It acts as a calcium sensor, binding to calcium ions (Ca²⁺) to activate and regulate a wide array of cellular processes. This calcium binding triggers conformational changes in calmodulin, allowing it to interact with and modulate the activity of numerous target proteins. Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found within the spongy (also known as cancellous) portions of bones. In birds and mammals, bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production (or haematopoiesis). It is composed of hematopoietic cells, marrow adipose tissue, and supportive stromal cells. In adult humans, bone marrow is primarily located in the ribs, vertebrae, sternum, and bones of the pelvis. Bone marrow comprises approximately 5% of total body mass in healthy adult humans, such that a person weighing 73 kg (161 lbs) will have around 3.7 kg (8 lbs) of bone marrow. Human marrow produces approximately 500 billion blood cells per day, which join the systemic circulation via permeable vasculature sinusoids within the medullary cavity. All types of hematopoietic cells, including both myeloid and lymphoid lineages, are created in bone marrow; however, lymphoid cells must migrate to other lymphoid organs (e.g. thymus) in order to complete maturation. Bone marrow transplants can be conducted to treat severe diseases of the bone marrow, including certain forms of cancer such as leukemia. Several types of stem cells are related to bone marrow. Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow can give rise to hematopoietic lineage cells, and mesenchymal stem cells, which can be isolated from the primary culture of bone marrow stroma, can give rise to bone, adipose, and cartilage tissue. Bones: Bones are constantly being remodeled, but the process is very slow, taking about 10 years for a full turnover. sugar cause Parkinson disease cut down on sugar & supplement 1 i supplement with Charcoal smoothies for the carbon inside ,2 own a Hydrogen water bottle for ATP hydrogen synthase ,3 take Arginine supplements for Nitrogen production , 4 take Phosphorus supplements 5 & Have replaced sugar & carbs for gravel gastroliths which retain oxygen & hydrogen water in the body ; all this to care for my DNA so expect to live as long as Methuselah who was 969 years old in the Old Testament it is written in the Holy King James Bible the word of the Lord according to saint Moses jewish prophet of israel 1450 BC Before Christ Genesis 5:27 & all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty & nine years: & Methuselah died. amen Methuselah lived past 500 years old all the way close to 1000 years 969 to be exact i would love to outlive Methuselah & live up to 1000 years everyday i pray Jesus Christ for God Almighty to give me bones strength amen with all the cement i drink & prophecy strong bones = long life simply bones regenerate when you supplement & if you don't supplement with minerals bone eventually degenerate & turn brown with age so i supplement with minerals & Phosphorus i want to keep my Phosphorus level above 10mg/dL , Arginine for Nitric Oxide production, Charcoal smoothies for carbon uptake ,Hydrogen i have a Hydrogen water bottle & Oxygen, cement specially 72 trace minerals of Natures plus the supplement with 72 minerals what was prophecy by God comes to pass & happens being on a walker predicts early death .

Yes, individual bone cells like osteoblasts & osteocytes have a cell membrane, just like other eukaryotic cells & bone tissue also has external & internal membranes called the periosteum & endosteum. The periosteum is the outer membrane of the bone, while the endosteum lines the inner surfaces of the bone. Individual bone cells Cell membrane: Each individual bone cell, such as an osteocyte, is enclosed by a plasma membrane that regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell. Cell membrane function: These membranes are crucial for cell function, involving processes like calcium transport, responding to hormones, and regulating cell activity. Membranes covering bone tissue Periosteum: A tough, double-layered membrane that covers the outer surface of bones (except at joints). It contains bone-forming cells (osteoblasts) and bone-resorbing cells (osteoclasts). It is connected to the bone by collagen fibers and contain blood and nerve vessels. Endosteum: A delicate, single-layered membrane that lines the internal surfaces of bones, such as the medullary cavity of long bones & the surfaces of trabeculae. The endosteum also contain osteoblasts & osteoclasts & is involved in bone maintenance. after 5 months of ingesting gravel gastrolinths my bone mineral density has increased from 6 pounds to 7.1 lbs on my smart scale then after my bone mineral density dropped down to 3.3 as of 1 February 2026 AD Anno Domini in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ so i am proof that gastroliths increase bone mineral density be blessed as Methuselah was blessed with longevity so take your gravel gastroliths . A "spinal cord disc" is an intervertebral disc, a spongy cushion between the vertebrae that provide flexibility & absorb shock. When the disc's outer layer is damaged, the inner, jelly-like center can push out (herniate), potentially pressing on the spinal cord or nerves, which can cause pain, numbness, or weakness. These discs are composed of an outer fibrous ring called the annulus fibrosus & a soft, inner core called the nucleus pulposus. Anatomy & function Location: Intervertebral discs are located between each of the 24 articulating vertebrae in the spinal column. Structure: Each disc has two parts: Annulus fibrosus: The tough, fibrous outer ring that surrounds and contains the inner material. Nucleus pulposus: The soft, jelly-like center that acts as the main shock absorber. Function: They act as shock absorbers and allow the spine to bend and flex. Common disc problems Herniated disc: Occurs when the nucleus pulposus pushes through a tear in the annulus fibrosus. This can put pressure on the spinal cord or nerves, leading to symptoms like pain, numbness, and weakness. Degenerative disc disease happens when you don't ingest gravel gastroliths the consequence : A slow, age-related process where discs lose water and height, which can cause pain and stiffness. Infection (Discitis): A less common but serious condition, often treated with long-term antibiotics. When to see a doctor Most herniated discs improve on their own within a few weeks to months. It is recommended to see a healthcare provider if symptoms persist. Seek immediate medical attention for symptoms like difficulty walking, incontinence, or severe pain . Annulus Fibrosus - The annulus, specifically the annulus fibrosus of a spinal disc, is primarily composed of water, collagen (mostly type I in the outer layer & type II in the inner layer) & proteoglycans. This layered structure is reinforced by collagen fibers arranged in concentric, alternating layers that help hold the gel-like inner nucleus pulposus in place & provide the spine with structural integrity & stability . if your skin is sagging its an early sign of osteoporosis so take your mineral supplements .

Bone act as an active endocrine organ that secrete hormones (osteokines) to signal the brain so regulate appetite. The primary signal bone use to communicate with appetite center in the brain is a hormone called Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), produced directly by osteoblasts (bone-building cells). How the Bone Signaling Pathway Work Postprandial Release: After eating, osteoblasts in the skeleton increase the synthesis & secretion of LCN2 into the bloodstream. Bone is responsible for approximately two-thirds of circulating LCN2 in the body. LCN2 travels through the vascular system, cross the blood-brain barrier, enter the central nervous system. Hypothalamic Binding: In the brain, LCN2 specifically bind to the Melanocortin 4 Receptor (MC4R) on neurons located in the paraventricular nucleus & ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Satiety Activation: Binding to MC4R trigger an anorexigenic (appetite-suppressing) response, signaling to the body that it is full, suppressing further food intake & aiding in glucose homeostasis. Key Bone-Derived Metabolic Signals Hormone | Primary Source | Effect on Appetite & Metabolism

Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) | Osteoblasts | Suppresses appetite via MC4R activation in the hypothalamus; regulate postprandial satiety.

Osteocalcin (OCN) | Osteoblasts | Enhances insulin secretion, improve insulin sensitivity & promote energy utilization in muscle tissue. Instead of triggering hunger, signals originating directly from bone tissue act as a biphasic satiety brake to prevent overeating so help maintain metabolic stability Endocrine Role: osteocytes function as endocrine cells by secreting factors like FGF-23, which travel through the blood to the kidneys to regulate phosphate level & mineral metabolism Skeletal System (Bone): Osteoblasts secrete lipocalin-2 (LCN2), an osteokine that crosses the blood-brain barrier to bind to MC4R receptors in the hypothalamus, acting as a potent satiety signal. Osteoblasts also release osteocalcin, which influences insulin sensitivity & energy metabolism .

The volume & market metric for joint replacement material can be broken down across financial value, number of procedure performed & physical material used . 1. Market Value (Financial Size) The global market for joint reconstruction & replacement implant is estimated at $30 billion to $31 billion USD. Joint Category: Total knee represent the largest share of overall market value (46%), followed closely by total hip (38–40%), with shoulder, elbow, ankle & small-joint replacement taking up the remaining portion. Geographic Share: North America account for over 40% of global spending, followed by Europe & the rapidly growing Asia-Pacific region . 2 . Surgical Volume (Number of Implants) Global Procedures: Over 3.5 million to 4 million primary hip & knee replacement procedure are performed worldwide each year. Including shoulder, elbow, ankle & revision joint surgery, the total exceed 4.5 to 5 million joint replacement operations annually . Regional Breakdown: United States: 1.25 million total joint replacements performed annually (approx. 790,000 knee - 450,000 hip). Europe: 1.1 million procedures annually. Rest of World (Asia-Pacific, Latin America): 1.5+ million procedures annually . 3 . Physical Material Used A standard joint replacement system (such as a total hip or total knee) consist of 3 to 6 individual components weighing roughly 250 to 600 grams per implant set. Globally, this equate to thousands of metric tons of medical-grade biomaterial manufactured & implanted each year: Metallic Biomaterials (Cobalt-Chrome & Titanium): Titanium & Alloys (Ti-6Al-4V) : Primary material used for femoral stem and porous acetabular cups in hip replacement because it promote bone ingrowth (osseointegration). Cobalt-Chromium Alloys (Co-Cr): Favored for bearing surfaces, femoral knee component & femoral heads due to high wear resistance & strength. Polymeric Biomaterial (UHMWPE) :Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene: Cross-linked, vitamin E-stabilized plastic used for knee tibial insert & hip acetabular liners to act as artificial cartilage. Ceramics: Cement Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA): Used in ceramic-on-ceramic or ceramic-on-polyethylene hip joint for ultra-low wear rate . Bone Cement (PMMA): Polymethyl Methacrylate: Used in cemented procedures (especially common in older patients) to fix the metal component securely to the natural bone . Major Global Manufacturers more than 65% of all joint replacement implants produced globally are manufactured by four major medical technology companies: 1 . Zimmer Biomet (21–28% global market share) 2 . Stryker Corporation (19–22% share) 3 . DePuy Synthes (Johnson & Johnson) 4 . Smith & Nephew May the Holy Roman Catholic Church make part of daily diet the 7 Kosher supplement of Supercentenarian Methuselah Patriarch of Israel so as to live a very long live & remain blessed by God the Father God the Son & God the Holy Spirit ⁺‧₊⋆♱⋆₊‧⁺Hallelujah Hallelujah Blessed be the word of the Lord for Christ is risen Hallelujah Hallelujah peace be still in Nomine Patris et FiLii et Spiritus Sancti amen & amen
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MN-M4gsDX0
Bones for Kids | Learn about the Skeletal System for Kids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8zQel-jAUY
Skeletal anatomy introduction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFpSiOnmOxI
Structure and blood supply of bone
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyl6eoU-3Rg
Hand Anatomy Animated Tutorial
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XwhM_1qR4oI
All types of joints in our body: Joints and its types 3d animation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSfd-mEjW4I
Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFxMlOHC5Bc
How to STRENGTHEN your bones, avoid osteoporosis and fractures? French

Skeleton Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue. There are three types of muscle tissue in vertebrates: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Muscle tissue gives skeletal muscles the ability to contract. Muscle tissue contains special contractile proteins called actin and myosin which interact to cause movement. Among many other muscle proteins, present are two regulatory proteins, troponin and tropomyosin. Muscle is formed during embryonic development, in a process known as myogenesis. Skeletal muscle tissue is striated consisting of elongated, multinucleate muscle cells called muscle fibers, and is responsible for movements of the body. Other tissues in skeletal muscle include tendons and perimysium. Smooth and cardiac muscle contract involuntarily, without conscious intervention. These muscle types may be activated both through the interaction of the central nervous system as well as by innervation from peripheral plexus or endocrine (hormonal) activation. Skeletal muscle only contracts voluntarily, under the influence of the central nervous system. Reflexes are a form of non-conscious activation of skeletal muscles, but nonetheless arise through activation of the central nervous system, albeit not engaging cortical structures until after the contraction has occurred. The different muscle types vary in their response to neurotransmitters and hormones such as acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and nitric oxide which depends on muscle type and the exact location of the muscle. Sub-categorization of muscle tissue is also possible, depending on among other things the content of myoglobin, mitochondria, and myosin ATPase etc. muscle need high dose calcium so drink Portland cement, Collagen accounts for 1% to 6% of muscle tissue by weight. Collagen is a major component of the muscle's connective tissue network, known as the endomysium, providing structure and strength to the muscle fibers and surrounding connective tissues. The Role of Collagen in Muscles Structural Support: Collagen forms a network of strands that surround and support muscle fibers, giving the muscle its strength and integrity. Connective Tissue: It is a significant part of the connective tissue that holds the muscle fibers together, protecting them during strenuous activity. Elasticity: Collagen also contributes to the elasticity of the muscle and surrounding tissues. Importance for Athletes Collagen is crucial for muscle function and is particularly important for athletes, as it helps protect cartilage and bones and can reduce muscle soreness after intense workouts. Supplementing with collagen can help boost muscle mass and ensure the proper functioning of muscles and other connective tissues Muscle is primarily composed of water (about 75%), protein (about 20%, mainly actin and myosin), and small amounts of fat, glycogen, and salts. These proteins, actin and myosin, are arranged into filaments called myofibrils, which are bundled together to form muscle fibers, the fundamental units of muscle contraction. Connective tissue also surrounds these fibers and bundles, providing structure & support to the entire muscle. Water: Constitutes about three-quarters of a muscle's composition. Proteins: Primarily actin and myosin, which are essential for muscle contraction. These proteins are organized into contractile units called myofibrils and sarcomeres. Connective Tissue: Layers of connective tissue, such as epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium, wrap around and between muscle fibers and fascicles (bundles of fibers), providing structural support and protection. Fat: A small percentage of fat is present in muscle tissue. Glycogen: A stored form of carbohydrate that provides energy for muscle contraction. Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell that generate energy (ATP) needed for muscle function. Myoglobin: A protein that stores oxygen within muscle cells. Bundles of Fibers: Muscle is made of thousands of elastic fibers, which are bundles of myofibrils. Filaments and Sarcomeres: Myofibrils contain smaller protein filaments, actin and myosin, arranged into basic units of contraction called sarcomeres. Contraction: When signaled, these filaments slide past each other, causing the sarcomeres and thus the muscle fibers to shorten, leading to muscle contraction. Support and Energy: Connective tissue hold the fibers together, while water, fat, glycogen, and myoglobin supply the necessary components for muscle activity and energy be blessed & take a lot of sulfur containing creatine .

If you don't supplement with Gravel gastroliths 75% Silica with time you shalt surely lose muscle mass as sarcopenia set in because muscle need skeleton to grow on & extracellular matrix which are made of Silica more precisely orthosilicic acid so remember to take your gravel gastroliths everyday for the minerals within certain dinosaurs such as Massospondylus , Camarasaurus , Cedarosaurus , Barosaurus & Psittacosaurus amongst many were smart enough to ingest gastroliths for the minerals within human beings should be as smart as gastrolith ingesting dinosaurs remember ingest your daily dose of gravel gastroliths so as to provide osteoblast with Silica for bone & extra cellular matrix regeneration after a year of supplementing with gravel gastroliths my skeleton muscle rate increased by 5.1 % from 37.1 % to 42.2% comparison on Bisonbody Smart Scale as of May 22 2025 at 15:47 p.m to August 1 2026 at 16:17 p.m AD Anno Domini in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ . I don't workout yet gained muscle mass in the same period went up 11.5 pounds from 82.9 pounds to 94.4 pounds May the Holy Roman Catholic Church be blessed by God the Father God the Son & God the Holy Spirit ⁺‧₊⋆♱⋆₊‧⁺Hallelujah Hallelujah Blessed be the word of the Lord for Christ is risen Hallelujah Hallelujah peace be still in Nomine Patris et FiLii et Spiritus Sancti amen & amen
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0dU8HTRMiQ
Muscle Contraction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWVH3B-v8v0
Muscle Fiber Types
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKgbfxPTn_s
Musculoskeletal System | Muscle Structure and Function
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nrf_g5m8fVM
Musculoskeletal System | Sarcomere Structure: Actin & Myosin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbbVbwX0av8
How do Muscles Contract? Sliding Filament Theory | Corporis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-KAhOq7t84
Why You REGAIN Strength, Size, & Skills FASTER: Muscle Memory

Skull , or cranium, is typically a bony enclosure around the brain of a vertebrate. In some fish, and amphibians, the skull is of cartilage. The skull is at the head end of the vertebrate. In the human, the skull comprises two prominent parts: the neurocranium and the facial skeleton, which evolved from the first pharyngeal arch. The skull forms the frontmost portion of the axial skeleton and is a product of cephalization and vesicular enlargement of the brain, with several special senses structures such as the eyes, ears, nose, tongue and, in fish, specialized tactile organs such as barbels near the mouth. The skull is composed of three types of bone: cranial bones, facial bones and ossicles, which is made up of a number of fused flat and irregular bones. The cranial bones are joined at firm fibrous junctions called sutures and contains many foramina, fossae, processes, and sinuses. In zoology, the openings in the skull are called fenestrae, the most prominent of which is the foramen magnum, where the brainstem goes through to join the spinal cord. In human anatomy, the neurocranium (or braincase), is further divided into the calvarium and the endocranium, together forming a cranial cavity that houses the brain. The interior periosteum forms part of the dura mater, the facial skeleton and splanchnocranium with the mandible being its largest bone. The mandible articulates with the temporal bones of the neurocranium at the paired temporomandibular joints. The skull itself articulates with the spinal column at the atlanto-occipital joint. The human skull fully develops two years after birth. Functions of the skull include physical protection for the brain, providing attachments for neck muscles, facial muscles and muscles of mastication, providing fixed eye sockets and outer ears (ear canals and auricles) to enable stereoscopic vision and sound localisation, forming nasal and oral cavities that allow better olfaction, taste and digestion, and contributing to phonation by acoustic resonance within the cavities and sinuses. In some animals such as ungulates and elephants, the skull also has a function in anti-predator defense and sexual selection by providing the foundation for horns, antlers and tusks. The English word skull is probably derived from Old Norse skulle, while the Latin word cranium comes from the Greek root κρανίον (kranion). While the brain itself doesn't produce stem cells that migrate to the skull, the skull does contain stem cells that contribute to the brain's immune response, particularly in the event of injury or disease. Specifically, the skull's bone marrow acts as a reservoir for immune cells that travel to the brain and meninges. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining brain health and responding to various conditions.The skull's bone marrow, particularly in the diploë region, contains hematopoietic stem cells and their progenitors. These cells can differentiate into various immune cells, including myeloid cells (like monocytes and neutrophils) and lymphocytes. The skull bone marrow is directly connected to the brain's meninges (the protective layers surrounding the brain) via specialized vascular channels. This allow immune cells from the skull marrow to migrate into the meninges and into the brain tissue itself. These skull-derived immune cells are not just passively present; they actively traffic to the brain in response to signals from the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). For instance, during a stroke or other brain injury, these cells migrate to the site of damage to help repair and resolve inflammation. The interaction between the brain & skull bone marrow is bidirectional. The brain can send signals via CSF to the skull marrow to recruit immune cells, while the skull marrow can also send signals to the brain through these vascular channels. The understanding of this skull-brain interaction opens up possibilities for developing therapies that target these skull-derived immune cells to treat or prevent neurological diseases thus it is vital to ingest gastroliths on a daily basis to feed the bone marrow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FokqeUi9hPs
Anatomy | The Human Skull

Sleep is a state of reduced mental and physical activity in which consciousness is altered and certain sensory activity is inhibited. During sleep, there is a marked decrease in muscle activity and interactions with the surrounding environment. While sleep differs from wakefulness in terms of the ability to react to stimuli, it still involves active brain patterns, making it more reactive than a coma or disorders of consciousness. Sleep occurs in repeating periods, during which the body alternates between two distinct modes: REM and non-REM sleep. Although REM stands for "rapid eye movement", this mode of sleep has many other aspects, including virtual paralysis of the body. Dreams are a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that usually occur involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep. During sleep, most of the body's systems are in an anabolic state, helping to restore the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems; these are vital processes that maintain mood, memory, and cognitive function, and play a large role in the function of the endocrine and immune systems. The internal circadian clock promotes sleep daily at night, when it is dark. The diverse purposes and mechanisms of sleep are the subject of substantial ongoing research. Sleep is a highly conserved behavior across animal evolution, likely going back hundreds of millions of years. Humans may suffer from various sleep disorders, including dyssomnias, such as insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea; parasomnias, such as sleepwalking and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder; bruxism; and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. The use of artificial light has substantially altered humanity's sleep patterns. Common sources of artificial light include outdoor lighting and the screens of electronic devices such as smartphones and televisions, which emit large amounts of blue light, a form of light typically associated with daytime. This disrupts the release of the hormone melatonin needed to regulate the sleep cycle , the less sugar you drink the less you sleep because the brain is less dehydrated . if you sleep twice a day that is symptomatic that your brain is not getting enough nutrient due to damaged blood vessels , which makay make certain parts of your brain develop better than other parts for instance your parietal lobe may become more nourished than the rest causing you to develop sensitive sound , yet you may be getting fatigue sleep apnea having to sleep more than twice a day due to a high carbs & sugar intake christians have to drastically change diet in oder to restore cranial nerve function ;consume supplements found on the KOSHER link on this website which shall restore your cranial nerves it is written in the Holy King James Bible the word of the Lord according to saint Moses the jewish prophet of israel 1450 BC Before Christ Genesis 25:7-8 & these are the days of the years of Abraham's life which Abraham lived, an hundred threescore & fifteen years. 8 Then Abraham gave up the ghost & died in a good old age, an old man & full of years; & was gathered to his people. amen father Abraham consumed brimstone sulfur in food in his day so follow the diet of father Abraham , have sweet dreams don't have nightmares from Satan. Be very careful about waking up fatigued if that's your case youre consuming too much carbs & sugar which damage the cells throughout the body starting with dysbiosis . There's a song in The Brick advert which sings"I'm tired of waking up tired , waking up tired !" this song many can relate to it has to do with the fact that your body didn't have Phosphorus in the bone so when you slept at night no Phosphorus were extracted from the bone so in the morning your'e still lacking ATP Adinosine Triphosphate. ATP Production: While phosphorus is a component of ATP, your body does not primarily "extract" it from your bones at night just to wake you up. Phosphorus levels in the blood are generally kept stable through diet & kidney regulation. Switch from sugar to Phosphorus supplementation in nomine Patris et FiLii et Spiritus Sancti missa orationis peace be still amen
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fui9YW4JYMg
Mysteries of Sleep FULL SPECIAL | NOVA | PBS America
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eq52n5IeLqU
Capturing Awakenings for Better Sleep - Medical Frontiers

Smooth muscle is one of the three major types of vertebrate muscle tissue, the others being skeletal and cardiac muscle. It can also be found in invertebrates and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. It is non-striated, so-called because it has no sarcomeres and therefore no striations (bands or stripes). It can be divided into two subgroups, single-unit and multi-unit smooth muscle. Within single-unit muscle, the whole bundle or sheet of smooth muscle cells contracts as a syncytium. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs, including the stomach, intestines, bladder and uterus. In the walls of blood vessels, and lymph vessels, (excluding blood and lymph capillaries) it is known as vascular smooth muscle. There is smooth muscle in the tracts of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems. In the eyes, the ciliary muscles, iris dilator muscle, and iris sphincter muscle are types of smooth muscles. The iris dilator and sphincter muscles are contained in the iris and contract in order to dilate or constrict the pupils. The ciliary muscles change the shape of the lens to focus on objects in accommodation. In the skin, smooth muscle cells such as those of the arrector pili cause hair to stand erect in response to cold temperature and fear. Smooth muscle is a type of muscle tissue that works automatically. This tissue is part of your body’s most important functions, ranging from blood pressure and circulation to vision to how you digest food. Conditions that affect smooth muscle specifically aren’t common, but they can be severe when they happen. Smooth muscle is a type of muscle found in many places inside your body. It gets its name from how it looks, which is different from most other types of muscle. The smooth muscles throughout your body work without you thinking about them. They handle some of the most important automatic jobs throughout your body systems. Your body has three types of muscle: skeletal, cardiac and smooth. Skeletal muscle cells are long and cylindrical, which is part of why they’re often called muscle fibers. These fibers form bundles. Bunched together, these fibers make the muscle’s surface look like it has grooves (striations). Cardiac muscle also looks smooth, but it has key differences in its structure. It also only exists in one place in your body: your heart. The main difference between smooth and skeletal muscles is that skeletal muscles are supposed to respond to your control. Smooth muscle movements happen without you thinking about them. Smooth muscle cells also have a different structure from skeletal muscle cells. They have narrow ends, a wider middle and are a lot shorter. Smooth muscle is found in places throughout your body, like your: Airways Blood vessels Digestive system Eyes Lymph vessels Skin Urinary and reproductive systems Smooth muscle has a few main jobs: Passage width control. Some of your smooth muscles manage the width of passages inside your body. Examples of this include your blood and lymph vessels and airways. Transporting substances. Smooth muscles can flex together to push what’s inside a tubelike passage. This is how multiple sections of your digestive tract work. Gatekeeping. Most muscles stay relaxed and only flex when needed. The smooth muscle in sphincters, like in your bladder or butthole (anus), stays flexed and only relaxes when needed. Smooth muscles in certain places can also have very specific jobs. Some examples include: Skin. Smooth muscle is what causes hairs to stand on end, like with goosebumps. Eyes. Smooth muscles in the ciliary body of your eye pull on fibers called zonules to control how your eyes focus. Smooth muscles in your iris also control how your pupils dilate or constrict. Uterus. Smooth muscles are where contractions happen during labor. Collagen accounts for 1% to 6% of muscle tissue by weight. It is a major component of the muscle's connective tissue network, known as the endomysium, providing structure and strength to the muscle fibers and surrounding connective tissues. The Role of Collagen in Muscles Structural Support: Collagen forms a network of strands that surround and support muscle fibers, giving the muscle its strength and integrity. Connective Tissue: It is a significant part of the connective tissue that holds the muscle fibers together, protecting them during strenuous activity. Elasticity: Collagen also contributes to the elasticity of the muscle and surrounding tissues. Importance for Athletes Collagen is crucial for muscle function and is particularly important for athletes, as it helps protect cartilage and bones and can reduce muscle soreness after intense workouts. Supplementing with collagen can help boost muscle mass and ensure the proper functioning of muscles and other connective tissue. Muscle is primarily composed of water (about 75%), protein (about 20%, mainly actin and myosin), and small amounts of fat, glycogen, and salts. These proteins, actin and myosin, are arranged into filaments called myofibrils, which are bundled together to form muscle fibers, the fundamental units of muscle contraction. Connective tissue also surrounds these fibers and bundles, providing structure & support to the entire muscle. Water: Constitutes about three-quarters of a muscle's composition. Proteins: Primarily actin and myosin, which are essential for muscle contraction. These proteins are organized into contractile units called myofibrils and sarcomeres. Connective Tissue: Layers of connective tissue, such as epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium, wrap around and between muscle fibers and fascicles (bundles of fibers), providing structural support and protection. Fat: A small percentage of fat is present in muscle tissue. Glycogen: A stored form of carbohydrate that provides energy for muscle contraction. Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell that generate energy (ATP) needed for muscle function. Myoglobin: A protein that stores oxygen within muscle cells. Bundles of Fibers: Muscle is made of thousands of elastic fibers, which are bundles of myofibrils. Filaments and Sarcomeres: Myofibrils contain smaller protein filaments, actin and myosin, arranged into basic units of contraction called sarcomeres. Contraction: When signaled, these filaments slide past each other, causing the sarcomeres and thus the muscle fibers to shorten, leading to muscle contraction. Support and Energy: Connective tissue hold the fibers together, while water, fat, glycogen, and myoglobin supply the necessary components for muscle activity and energy . The human body has over 600 muscles, which are divided into three main type: skeletal, smooth & cardiac. Skeletal muscles are voluntary & attached to bone, enabling movement, while smooth muscles operate involuntarily in organs & blood vessels & cardiac muscle is the specialized, involuntary muscle of the heart . Skeletal muscles make up approximately 40% of total body weight in humans. This can vary slightly, with some sources giving a range of 30-40% or specifically citing 42% for men & 36% for women. Overall, muscles are a vital part of the body, enabling movement, maintaining posture & supporting internal organs. Percentage of total body weight: Approximately 42%. Other function: Muscles also help with circulation, breathing, digestion & maintaining body temperature be blessed & take a lot of sulfur containing creatine in nomine Patris et FiLii et Spiritus Sancti missa orationis peace be still amen
Developed on Lenovo M800 Windows 10 Shot with Galaxy Ao4S edited with Davinci Resolve & Photoshop cs 26.10.0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2EeUy7xopdo&t=16s
Musculoskeletal System | Smooth Muscle

Spine The spinal column, also known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone, is the core part of the axial skeleton in vertebrates. The vertebral column is the defining and eponymous characteristic of the vertebrate. The spinal column is a segmented column of vertebrae that surrounds and protects the spinal cord. The vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs in a series of cartilaginous joints. The dorsal portion of the spinal column houses the spinal canal, an elongated cavity formed by the alignment of the vertebral neural arches that encloses and protects the spinal cord, with spinal nerves exiting via the intervertebral foramina to innervate each body segment. There are around 50,000 species of animals that have a vertebral column. The human spine is one of the most-studied examples, as the general structure of human vertebrae is fairly typical of that found in other mammals, reptiles, and birds. The shape of the vertebral body does, however, vary somewhat between different groups of living species individual vertebrae are named according to their corresponding region including the neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis or tail. In clinical medicine, features on vertebrae such as the spinous process can be used as surface landmarks to guide medical procedures such as lumbar punctures and spinal anesthesia. There are also many different spinal diseases in humans that can affect both the bony vertebrae and the intervertebral discs, with kyphosis, scoliosis, ankylosing spondylitis, and degenerative discs being recognizable examples. Spina bifida is the main birth defect if your spine is compromised & broken you'll probably die because the spine controls smooth involuntary muscle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnWFcOJBqRk
Cardiovascular | Blood Pressure Regulation | Hypertension

Spleen the spleen filters out stiff blood cells The spleen from Anglo-Norman espleen, ult. from Ancient Greek σπλήν, is an organ found in almost all vertebrates. Similar in structure to a large lymph node, it acts primarily as a blood filter. The native Old English word for it is milt, now primarily used for animals; a loanword from Latin is lien. The spleen plays very important roles in regard to red blood cells (erythrocytes) and the immune system. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood, which can be valuable in case of hemorrhagic shock, and also recycles iron. As a part of the mononuclear phagocyte system, it metabolizes hemoglobin removed from senescent red blood cells. The globin portion of hemoglobin is degraded to its constitutive amino acids, and the heme portion is metabolized to bilirubin, which is removed in the liver. The spleen houses antibody-producing lymphocytes in its white pulp and monocytes which remove antibody-coated bacteria and antibody-coated blood cells by way of blood and lymph node circulation. These monocytes, upon moving to injured tissue (such as the heart after myocardial infarction), turn into dendritic cells and macrophages while promoting tissue healing. The spleen is a center of activity of the mononuclear phagocyte system and is analogous to a large lymph node, as its absence causes a predisposition to certain infections. In humans, the spleen is purple in color and is in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. The surgical process to remove the spleen is known as a splenectomy.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgJhb13JbW0
The Spleen (Structures, Function, Topography, Coverings and Ligaments) - Anatomy

Submandibular lymph nodes The submandibular lymph nodes (submaxillary glands in older texts), are some 3-6 lymph nodes situated at the inferior border of the ramus of mandible.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3NYiaSbwug
Neck lymph nodes

Sugar phosphate backbone Sugar phosphates (sugars that have added or substituted phosphate groups) are often used in biological systems to store or transfer energy. They also form the backbone for DNA and RNA. Sugar phosphate backbone geometry is altered in the vicinity of the modified nucleotides. In a sugar-phosphate structure, the carbon atoms are located within the sugar molecule, specifically numbered 1', 2', 3', 4', and 5' (read as "one prime" to "five prime"), with the phosphate group attaching to the 5' carbon of the sugar molecule; essentially forming the "backbone" of a nucleic acid like DNA or RNA where the carbon atoms are part of the sugar ring structure. The sugar phosphate backbone is made of carbon and Phosphorus that's why it's important to take activated charcoal and phosphorus supplement if you want to know & prevent when you're going to die check your Phosphorus level if your Phosphorus level are below 5.0 mg/dl you're getting old aging and are about to die make sure you boost your Phosphorus level up to 10 mg/dl

Sugar Phosphate structure Sugar phosphates C6H13O9P are carbohydrates that have a phosphate group attached to them. They are phosphoric acid esters of monosaccharides. Sugar phosphates are intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and are found in nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. Glucose 6-phosphate: A sugar phosphate that can be formed when glucose is phosphorylated at the C primary hydroxyl group , Glucose 1-phosphate: A sugar phosphate that can be formed when glucose is phosphorylated at the C anomeric hydroxyl group , Deoxyribose phosphate: A sugar phosphate that is a constituent of nucleotides and nucleic acids ,Ribose phosphate: A sugar phosphate that is a constituent of nucleotides and nucleic acids Sugar phosphates are involved in the metabolic pathways of biosynthesis and degradation. They are also involved in the energy metabolism of cells Sugar phosphates (sugars that have added or substituted phosphate groups) are often used in biological systems to store or transfer energy. They also form the backbone for DNA and RNA. Sugar phosphate backbone geometry is altered in the vicinity of the modified nucleotides. The phosphodiester backbone of DNA and RNA consists of pairs of deoxyribose or ribose sugars linked by phosphates at the respective 3' and 5' positions. The backbone is negatively charged and hydrophilic, which allows strong interactions with water. Sugar-phosphate backbone forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA. Sugar phosphates are defined as carbohydrates to which a phosphate group is bound by an ester or an either linkage, depending on whether it involves an alcoholic or a hemiacetalic hydroxyl, respectively. Solubility, acid hydrolysis rates, acid strengths, and ability to act as sugar group donors are the knowledge of physical and chemical properties required for the analysis of both types of sugar phosphates. The photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle is closely associated with sugar phosphates, and sugar phosphates are one of the key molecules in metabolism,(Sugar phosphates are major players in metabolism due to their task of storing and transferring energy. Not only ribose 5-phosphate but also fructose 6-phosphate are an intermediate of the pentose-phosphate pathway which generates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and pentoses from glucose polymers and their degradation products.) oxidative pentose phosphate pathways, gluconeogenesis, important intermediates in glycolysis. Sugar phosphates are not only involved in metabolic regulation and signaling but also involved in the synthesis of other phosphate compounds.

Synapse In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that allows a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or a target effector cell. Synapses can be classified as either chemical or electrical, depending on the mechanism of signal transmission between neurons. In the case of electrical synapses, neurons are coupled bidirectionally with each other through gap junctions and have a connected cytoplasmic milieu. These type of synapses are known to produce synchronous network activity in the brain, but can also result in complicated, chaotic network level dynamic. Therefore, signal directionality cannot always be defined across electrical synapses. Chemical synapses, on the other hand, communicate through neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft. Upon release, these neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, inducing an electrical or chemical response in the target neuron. This mechanism allows for more complex modulation of neuronal activity compared to electrical synapses, contributing significantly to the plasticity and adaptable nature of neural circuits. Synapses are essential for the transmission of neuronal impulses from one neuron to the next, playing a key role in enabling rapid and direct communication by creating circuits. In addition, a synapse serves as a junction where both the transmission and processing of information occur, making it a vital means of communication between neurons. At the synapse, the plasma membrane of the signal-passing neuron (the presynaptic neuron) comes into close apposition with the membrane of the target (postsynaptic) cell. Both the presynaptic and postsynaptic sites contain extensive arrays of molecular machinery that link the two membranes together and carry out the signaling process. In many synapses, the presynaptic part is located on the terminals of axons and the postsynaptic part is located on a dendrite or soma. Astrocytes also exchange information with the synaptic neurons, responding to synaptic activity and, in turn, regulating neurotransmission. Synapses (at least chemical synapses) are stabilized in position by Synaptic Adhesion Molecules (SAMs) projecting from both the pre- and post-synaptic neuron and sticking together where they overlap; SAMs may also assist in the generation and functioning of synapses. Moreover, SAMs coordinate the formation of synapses, with various type working together to achieve the remarkable specificity of synapses. In essence, SAMs function in both excitatory and inhibitory synapses, likely serving as the mediator for signal transmission. amongst the many supplements one needs for the brain is Sodium Potassium and Calcium for proper action potential neuron signaling
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQCze5jbC0g
Erik Jorgensen (U. Utah / HHMI) 1: Synaptic transmission
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vso9jgfpI_c
Neuroscience - Long-Term Potentiation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ApzwDu9q5o
Neuroscience - Intracellular Signaling
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XdCrZm_JAp0
Lights, Camera, Action Potentials!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fO5Xgnswl58
The Action Potential